tleconte / acarsdec

ACARS SDR decoder

ACARSDEC

Acarsdec is a multi-channels acars decoder with built-in rtl_sdr, airspy front end or sdrplay device. Since 3.0, It comes with a database backend : acarsserv to store received acars messages. (See acarsserv chapter below).

Features :

• up to 8 channels decoded simultaneously
• error detection AND correction
• input via rtl_sdr, or airspy or sdrplay software defined radios (SDR)
• logging data over UDP in planeplotter or acarsserv formats to store in an sqlite database, or JSON for custom processing.
• decoding of ARINC-622 ATS applications (ADS-C, CPDLC) via libacars library

Multi-channel decoding is particularly useful with broadband devices such as the RTLSDR dongle, the AIRspy and the SDRplay device. It allows the user to directly monitor to up to 8 different frequencies simultaneously with very low cost hardware.

Usage

For RTL-SDR:

acarsdec [-o lv] [-t time] [-A] [-b filter ] [-e] [-n|N|j ipaddr:port] [-i stationid] [-l logfile [-H|-D]] -r rtldevicenumber f1 [f2] [... fN] | -s f1 [f2] [... fN]

For Airspy R2 / Mini:

acarsdec [-o lv] [-t time] [-A] [-b filter ] [-e] [-n|N|j ipaddr:port] [-i stationid] [-l logfile [-H|-D]] [-g gain] -s airspydevicenumber f1 [f2] [... fN] | -s f1 [f2] [... fN]

-o lv : output format : 0 : no log, 1 : one line by msg, 2 : full (default), 3 : monitor mode, 4 : msg JSON, 5 : route JSON

-t time : set forget time (TTL) in seconds in monitor mode(default=600s)

-A : don't display uplink messages (ie : only aircraft messages)

-e : don't output empty messages (ie : _d,Q0, etc ...)

-l logfile : append log messages to logfile (Default : stdout)

-H : rotate log file once every hour

-D : rotate log file once every day

-n ipaddr:port : send acars messages to addr:port via UDP in planeplotter compatible format

-N ipaddr:port : send acars messages to addr:port via UDP in acarsdec format

-j ipaddr:port : send acars messages to addr:port via UDP in JSON format

-i station id: id use in acarsdec network format.

-b filter: filter output by label (ex: -b "H1:Q0" : only output messages with label H1 or Q0"

for the RTLSDR device

-r rtldevice f1 [f2] ... [fN] : decode from rtl dongle number or S/N "rtldevice" receiving at VHF frequencies "f1" and optionally "f2" to "fN" in Mhz (ie : -r 0 131.525 131.725 131.825 ). Frequencies must be within the same 2MHz.

-g gain : set rtl gain in db (0 to 49.6; >52 and -10 will result in AGC; default is AGC)

-p ppm : set rtl ppm frequency correction

for the AirSpy device -g gain : set airspy gain (0..21)

-s airspydevice f1 [f2] ... [fN] : decode from airspy device number or S/N "airspydevice" receiving at VHF frequencies "f1" and optionally "f2" to "fN" in Mhz (ie : -s 131.525 131.725 131.825 ). Frequencies must be within the same 2MHz.

for the SDRplay device

-s f1 [f2] ... [fN] : decode from SDRplay receiving at VHF frequencies "f1" and optionally "f2" to "fN" in Mhz (ie : -s 131.525 131.725 131.825 ). Frequencies must be within the same 2MHz.

-L lnaState: set the lnaState (depends on the selected SDRPlay hardware)

-G GRdB: set the Gain Reduction in dB's. -100 is used for agc.

for the SoapySDR device

-d devicestring f1 [f2] ... [fN] : decode from a SoapySDR device at VHF frequencies f1 and optionally f2 to fN in Mhz (ie : -d driver=rtltcp 131.525 131.725 131.825 ).

-g gain : set gain in db (-10 will result in AGC; default is AGC)

-p ppm : set rtl ppm frequency correction

-c freq : set center frequency to tune to

-m rateMult : set sample rate multiplier: 160 for 2 MS/s or 192 for 2.4 MS/s (default: 160)

Examples

Decoding from rtl dongle number 0 on 3 frequencies , sending aircraft messages only to 192.168.1.1 on port 5555 and no other loging :

acarsdec -A -N 192.168.1.1:5555 -o0 -r 0 131.525 131.725 131.825

Decoding from airspy on 3 frequencies with verbose logging :

acarsdec -s 131.525 131.725 131.825

Output formats examples

One line by mesg format (-o 1)

#2 (L:  -5 E:0) 25/12/2016 16:26:40 .EC-JBA IB3166 X B9 J80A /EGLL.TI2/000EGLLAABB2
#3 (L:   8 E:0) 25/12/2016 16:26:44 .G-OZBF ZB494B 2 Q0 S12A 
#3 (L:   0 E:0) 25/12/2016 16:26:44 .F-HZDP XK773C 2 16 M38A LAT N 47.176/LON E  2.943

Full message format (-o 2)

[#1 (F:131.825 L:   4 E:0) 25/12/2016 16:27:45 --------------------------------
Aircraft reg: .A6-EDY Flight id: EK0205
Mode : 2 Label : SA Id : 4 Ack : !
Message no: S31A :
0EV162743VS/

[#3 (F:131.825 L:   3 E:0) 25/12/2016 16:28:08 --------------------------------
Aircraft reg: .F-GSPZ Flight id: AF0940
Mode : 2 Label : B2 Id : 1 Ack : !
Message no: L07A :
/PIKCLYA.OC1/CLA 1627 161225 EGGX CLRNCE 606
AFR940 CLRD TO MUHA VIA ETIKI
RANDOM ROUTE
46N020W 45N027W 44N030W 40N040W 36N050W
34N055W 32N060W 27N070W
FM ETIKI/1720 MNTN F340 M083
ATC/LEVEL CHANGE
END O

Monitoring mode (-o 3)

             Acarsdec monitor
 Aircraft Flight  Nb Channels   Last     First
 .CN-RNV  AT852X   9 .x.      16:25:58 16:21:05
 .F-HBMI  ZI0321   1 .x.      16:25:52 16:25:52
 .F-GSPZ  AF0940   6 ..x      16:25:21 16:22:30
 .D-ABUF  DE0252   1 .x.      16:25:20 16:25:20

JSON mode (-o 4)

{"timestamp":1516206744.1849549,"channel":2,"freq":130.025,"level":-22,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"H1","block_id":"6","ack":false,"tail":".N842UA","flight":"UA1412","msgno":"D04G","text":"#DFB9102,0043,188/9S101,0039,181/S0101,0043,188/0S100,0039,182/T1100,0043,188/1T099,0039,182/T2099,0043,189/2T098,0039,182/T3098,0043,189/3T097,0039,182/T4098,0043,189/4T097,0039,183/T5098,0043,189/5T097,0039,1","end":true,"station_id":"sigint"}
{"timestamp":1516206745.249615,"channel":2,"freq":130.025,"level":-24,"error":2,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"R","ack":false,"tail":".N842UA","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"QUHDQWDUA?1HOWGOZIT\r\n ** PART 01 OF 01 **\r\nHOWGOZIT 1412-17 SJC\r\nCI: 17        RLS: 01 \r\nSJC 1615/1625     171A\r\nBMRNG    1630 37  159-\r\nTIPRE    1638 37  145\r\nINSLO    1701 37  125\r\nGAROT    1726 37  106\r\nEKR      1800 ","end":true,"station_id":"sigint"}

JSON route mode (-o 5) (wait for a while before an output)

{"timestamp":1543677178.9600339,"flight":"BA750P","depa":"EGLL","dsta":"LFSB"}

with libacars and ARINC 622 decoding

[#2 (F:131.725 L:-33 E:0) 30/11/2018 19:45:46.645 --------------------------------
Mode : 2 Label : H1 Id : 3 Nak
Aircraft reg: G-OOBE Flight id: BY01WH
No: F57A
#M1B/B6 LPAFAYA.ADS.G-OOBE0720BD17DFD188CAEAE01F0C50F3715C88200D2344EFF62F08CA8883238E3FF7748768C00E0C88D9FFFC0F08A9847FFCFC16
ADS-C message:
 Basic report:
  Lat: 46.0385513
  Lon: -5.6569290
  Alt: 36012 ft
  Time: 2744.000 sec past hour (:45:44.000)
  Position accuracy: <0.05 nm
  NAV unit redundancy: OK
  TCAS: OK
 Flight ID data:
  Flight ID: TOM1WH
 Predicted route:
  Next waypoint:
   Lat: 49.5972633
   Lon: -1.7255402
   Alt: 36008 ft
   ETA: 2179 sec
  Next+1 waypoint:
   Lat: 49.9999809
   Lon: -1.5020370
   Alt: 30348 ft
 Earth reference data:
  True track: 35.2 deg
  Ground speed: 435.5 kt
  Vertical speed: -16 ft/min
 Air reference data:
 True heading: 24.3 deg
 Mach speed: 0.7765
 Vertical speed: -16 ft/min

Compilation

acarsdec must compile directly on any modern Linux distrib.

It needs cmake and a C compiler.

It depends on some external libraries :

• libusb
• librtlsdr for software radio rtl dongle input (http://sdr.osmocom.org/trac/wiki/rtl-sdr)
• libairspy for airspy software radio input
• libmirsdrapi-rsp for sdrplay software radio input
• optionaly libacars for decoding ATS applications (https://github.com/szpajder/libacars)

⚠️ Raspberry Pi users : read Troubleshooting first

For rtl_sdr :

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -Drtl=ON
make
sudo make install

For airspy :

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -Dairspy=ON
make
sudo make install

For sdrplay :

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -Dsdrplay=ON
make
sudo make install

Notes :

• Airspy version will set the R820T tuner bandwidth to suit given frequencies. See : (https://tleconte.github.io/R820T/r820IF.html)
• libacars support is optional. If the library (version 2.0.0 or later) is installed and can be located with pkg-config, it will be enabled.
• If you have call cmake .. -Dxxx one time, the option will be sticky . Remove build dir and redo to change sdr option.

Troubleshooting

It seems that the default compile options -march=native is problematic on Raspberry Pi.

In CMakeLists.txt change the line :

add_compile_options(-Ofast -march=native)

to :

for PI 2B : add_compile_options(-Ofast -mcpu=cortex-a7 -mfpu=neon-vfpv4)

for PI 3B : add_compile_options(-Ofast -mcpu=cortex-a53 -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8)

for PI 4B : add_compile_options(-Ofast -mcpu=cortex-a72 -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8)

then rebuild (remove anyting in build directory then follow Compilation procedure)

Acarsserv

acarsserv is a companion program for acarsdec. It listens to acars messages on UDP coming from one or more acarsdec processes and stores them in a sqlite database.

See : acarsserv

Copyrights

acarsdec and acarsserv are Copyright Thierry Leconte 2015-2018

These code are free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License version 2 published by the Free Software Foundation.

They include cJSON Copyright (c) 2009-2017 Dave Gamble and cJSON contributors

acarsdec's Issues

-D parameter and it's position in the parameter list

Placing the -D parameter between the -r parameter and the frequency list causes a warning.
Moving it to just before the -r parameter sloves this.
Not sure how 'specific' the position of this -D parameter (or others) is.
See these two examples:

$/usr/local/bin/acarsdec -l "/home/pi/acarsdec/logs/$(date +"%Y%m%d")-5.log" -n 10.0.0.2:9742 -p 70 -r 00000005 -D 131.525 131.725 131.825
Found Rafael Micro R820T tuner
WARNING: Invalid frequency 0
Exact sample rate is: 2000000.052982 Hz

$/usr/local/bin/acarsdec -l "/home/pi/acarsdec/logs/$(date +"%Y%m%d")-5.log" -n 10.0.0.2:9742 -p 70 -D -r 00000005 131.525 131.725 131.825
Found Rafael Micro R820T tuner
Exact sample rate is: 2000000.052982 Hz

But maybe the example in the README is the required sequence of parameters.
acarsdec [-v] [-o lv] [-t time] [-A] [-n|N|j ipaddr:port] [-i stationid] [-l logfile [-H|-D]] -r rtldevicenumber f1 [f2] [... fN] | -s f1 [f2] [... fN]

Cheers,
Dick

Help needed

Hello Thierry,

I wonder if could spare some of your time to go over some doubts in regards to MSK demodulation and ACARS decoding. Have been experimenting with very streamlined draft of an ACARS decoder, but have faced some pitfalls along the way. If possible would like to arrange for a quick chat to go over the challenges faced. You'll find where I stuck in the following URL:

https://github.com/manoeldesouza/rtl_acars

acarsdec Make with libacars

Hi Thierry,

Trying to make the latest version with libacars.
libacars installed OK.
When I 'make -f Makefile.rtl' I get

cc -Wall -Ofast -pthread -D WITH_RTL -I. pkg-config --cflags librtlsdr -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_LIBACARS -c -o acarsdec.o acarsdec.c
cc -Wall -Ofast -pthread -D WITH_RTL -I. pkg-config --cflags librtlsdr -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_LIBACARS -c -o acars.o acars.c
cc -Wall -Ofast -pthread -D WITH_RTL -I. pkg-config --cflags librtlsdr -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_LIBACARS -c -o msk.o msk.c
cc -Wall -Ofast -pthread -D WITH_RTL -I. pkg-config --cflags librtlsdr -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_LIBACARS -c -o rtl.o rtl.c
cc -Wall -Ofast -pthread -D WITH_RTL -I. pkg-config --cflags librtlsdr -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_LIBACARS -c -o air.o air.c
cc -Wall -Ofast -pthread -D WITH_RTL -I. pkg-config --cflags librtlsdr -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_LIBACARS -c -o output.o output.c
output.c:27:20: error: static declaration of ‘cls’ follows non-static declaration
static inline void cls(void)
^~~
In file included from output.c:15:0:
acarsdec.h:163:13: note: previous declaration of ‘cls’ was here
extern void cls(void);
^~~
output.c: In function ‘initOutput’:
output.c:109:44: error: ‘OUTTYPE_ROUTEJSON’ undeclared (first use in this function)
if (outtype == OUTTYPE_JSON || outtype == OUTTYPE_ROUTEJSON || (sockfd && netout==NETLOG_JSON)) {
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
output.c:109:44: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in
output.c: In function ‘outputmsg’:
output.c:564:17: error: ‘OUTTYPE_ROUTEJSON’ undeclared (first use in this function)
if(outtype == OUTTYPE_ROUTEJSON )
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
: recipe for target 'output.o' failed
make: *** [output.o] Error 1

Stuart

acarsdec make

I am getting the error listed below on the final entry and I would appreciate if someone can point me in the right direction. BTW I am only copy add paste able in programming.
Thank you

pi@acars:/acars $ cd acarsdec
pi@acars:/acars/acarsdec $ make -f Makefile.rtl
make: Makefile.rtl: No such file or directory
make: *** No rule to make target 'Makefile.rtl'. Stop.

not used, possibly should be deleted.

acarsdec/label.c

Lines 5 to 6 in d11c586

	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <sys/socket.h>

Scroll speed

Not really an issue per se, but, is there a setting or way to change the speed at which the messages scroll by?

I've got at least 4 frequencies that are very active during the day, some messages contain text that I can readily understand but, because they scroll by fast, it makes it hard to read.

I can stretch the window to buy time, but again, messages during the day come by at a fast rate.

An adjustable delay, would help.

[RFE] Filter ACARS messages by label

Hi Thierry!

Taking the opportunity to file a request for enhancement.

== RFE ==

1. What is the nature and description of the request?
   Add a command line switch to specify the desired label messages to be printed.

2. How would the customer like to achieve this? (List the functional requirements here)
   i.e.: Let someone interested in RA, H1 and 2U messages. A user would specify a command line switch that would specify ra,h1,2u and only these messages would be printed.

Thanks a lot! o/

• RF.

bzero() is deprecated POSIX function

acarsdec/acarsserv.c

Line 289 in d11c586

bzero(&src_addr, addrlen);

from Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6:

The memset() function is preferred over this function.
For maximum portability, it is recommended to replace the function call to bzero() as follows:
#define bzero(b,len) (memset((b), '\0', (len)), (void) 0)

Receiver goes deaf after some time

So this is an issue I have seen quite often on my setup: the receiver goes deaf after running for random period of time, no messages are decoded even though the signal strength has not changed. It seems hard to provide a reproducer though. :-/

After some staring at the code I seem to have managed to come up with a patch that, when applied, appears to mitigate the issue; at least, my systems now do not exhibit deafness any more.

dev-zzo@dfbd30b

Please let me know if I should make a pull request for you to integrate the changes.

Large JSON messages getting cut off

I have been running your excellent decoder for a while now and have run in to an issue where the json network output appears to cut off part of the message and never sends all of data. The best that I can tell, any json message of more than 1400 characters will do this.

After testing, I believe I have narrowed the issue down to this line of code, where the buffer that is wrote to the network socket is 1400, while the rest of the output.c appears to use 3600 characters. When I compile the decoder with:

void outjson()
{
	char pkt[3600];

	snprintf(pkt, sizeof(pkt), "%s\n", jsonbuf);
	write(sockfd, pkt, strlen(pkt));
}

To match the convention used elsewhere in the file everything in my testing appears to work and messages are not cut off.

too many Parity Errors

Thank you for keeping this hobby active Thierry.

please find below a quick feedback from Washington.

pi@raspberrypi:~/acars-dec $ acarsdec -v -o4 -r 0 130.825 131.125 131.425 131.550 131.725
Found 1 device(s):
0: Realtek, RTL2838UHIDIR, SN: 00000001

Using device 0: Generic RTL2832U OEM
Found Rafael Micro R820T tuner
Tuner gain : 49.600000
Set center freq. to 131750000Hz
Exact sample rate is: 2000000.052982 Hz
Decoding 5 channels
{"timestamp":1555400604.623349,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-12,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"4T","block_id":"2","ack":"G","tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"M76A","text":"AGFSR AC0979/15/16/SJDYVR/0743Z/207/4713.9N12200.6W/360/ /0033/0112/M51/305031/0465/ /---/0401/0412/----/----"}
{"timestamp":1555400611.095185,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-12,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"_d","block_id":"3","ack":"H","tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"S65A"}
{"timestamp":1555400712.5158141,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":4,"freq":131.725,"level":-18,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"12","block_id":"4","ack":false,"tail":"C-FONK","flight":"WO0118","msgno":"M66A","text":"N 49.131,W120.428,29755,074510, 232,.C-FONK,1114"}
#1 too many parity errors
#5 too many parity errors
{"timestamp":1555400842.02856,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-6,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"Q0","block_id":"6","ack":false,"tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"S67A"}
{"timestamp":1555400849.729044,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-10,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"4s","block_id":"7","ack":false,"tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"M79A","text":"DFR AC0979/15"}
{"timestamp":1555400855.873071,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-13,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"_d","block_id":"8","ack":"L","tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"S68A"}
{"timestamp":1555400861.11618,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-13,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"_d","block_id":"9","ack":"M","tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"S69A"}
{"timestamp":1555400904.2060759,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":3,"freq":131.550,"level":-11,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"Q0","block_id":"2","ack":false,"tail":"C-FDST","flight":"AC0979","msgno":"S72A"}
#5 miss txt end
#5 parity error(s): 2
#5 crc error
#5 errors fixed
{"timestamp":1555400918.3817041,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":4,"freq":131.725,"level":-21,"error":2,"mode":"2","label":"_d","block_id":"0","ack":"B","tail":"N640VA","flight":"VX1010","msgno":"S18A"}
{"timestamp":1555400930.17842,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":4,"freq":131.725,"level":-18,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"_d","block_id":"3","ack":"E","tail":"N640VA","flight":"VX1010","msgno":"S21A"}
#5 miss txt end
#5 parity error(s): 3
#5 crc error
#5 errors fixed
{"timestamp":1555400941.649678,"station_id":"raspberr","channel":4,"freq":131.725,"level":-22,"error":3,"mode":"2","label":"_d","block_id":"6","ack":"H","tail":"N640VA","flight":"VX=\u00165:","msgno":"S24P"}
#5 too many parity errors
#5 parity error(s): 3
#5 crc error
#5 not able to fix errors
#5 too many parity errors

Partial rewrite in C++

Since I do not have your email address, I'll address you this way. In order to add the SDRplay device for functioning with your excellent acarsdec software, I rewrote (and reorganized) large parts of your software and rewrote it in C++. It is still incomplete, it works fine though with the SDRplay device(s) (and with Airspy and rtlsdr).

The major structural change is that I separated the device handling, so I could use the device handlers I had for other projects. I retained the possibility of having more input frequencies by defining a channel handler for each frequency. The channel handler will do the frequency shifting and will call upon a channel decoder which was basically the functionality of msk.c. In the channel decoder I added the data interpretation (from acars.c) and I made a very simple spooler for the print function (which is basically your output.c file).

Those parts that are directly derived from acarsdec are obviously marked with your copyrights.

You can have a look at the software at "https://github.com/JvanKatwijk/acars-sdrplay

snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels

After the program is compiled and installed, run “acarsdec -o 2 -a plughw:1,0”.Then terminal display "Alsa cannot get number of channels",I don't know where the problem is.

Will this work with sound cards?

Just came here from the sourceforge page and it says works with alsa sound cards. Is this still the case or has that functionality been removed?

Looking to see if I can use my vhf radio to pull in ACARS messages without an SDR.

Fix readme md

Add a space between the last # and the text, to get your markdown working.

No data feeds when -l logfile is used

When the -l logfile parameter is used then
-n ipaddr:port
as well as
-j ipaddr:port
seem to fail sending data.

This does not result in data to Planeplotter:
/usr/local/bin/acarsdec -l "/home/pi/acarsdec/logs/$(date +"%Y%m%d")-5.log" -n 10.0.0.2:9742 -p 70 -D -r 00000005 131.525 131.725 131.825

This works fine:
/usr/local/bin/acarsdec -n 10.0.0.2:9742 -p 70 -D -r 00000005 131.525 131.725 131.825

Cheers,
Dick

Wrong sample rate for RTL-SDR (R820T)

Two problems here:

1. Wrong sample rate. The RTL-SDR (820T2) max stable sample rate is: 2.4 MS/s (USB 2.0)
2. There should be an app exit when provided with frequencies that are separated more than 2 MHz.

 # ./acarsdec -v -o 2 -p 1 -r 0 131.525 131.550 131.725 131.850 136.750 136.900

Found 1 device(s):
  0:  Realtek, RTL2838UHIDIR, SN: 00000001

Using device 0: Generic RTL2832U OEM
Found Rafael Micro R820T tuner
Tuner gain : 49.600000
Frequencies too far apart
Set center freq. to -1Hz
[R82XX] PLL not locked!
Exact sample rate is: 2500000.107620 Hz
[R82XX] PLL not locked!
Decoding 6 channels

Export ACARS data to dump1090 / BEAST format?

While the ACARS messages may not all continue possition information, would it be possible to export at least those that do into dump1090 via the BEAST binary format?

JSON format issue

Hello there, Thierry!

First of all, thank you VERY much for acarsdec!

I am trying to use the acarsdec output and parse it with python module json.tool. However, it is not accepted at all: It always fail with a formatting complaint.

Let the snippet that you have provided in readme.md:

{"timestamp":1516206744.1849549,"channel":2,"freq":130.025,"level":-22,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"H1","block_id":"6","ack":false,"tail":".N842UA","flight":"UA1412","msgno":"D04G","text":"#DFB9102,0043,188/9S101,0039,181/S0101,0043,188/0S100,0039,182/T1100,0043,188/1T099,0039,182/T2099,0043,189/2T098,0039,182/T3098,0043,189/3T097,0039,182/T4098,0043,189/4T097,0039,183/T5098,0043,189/5T097,0039,1","end":true,"station_id":"sigint"}
{"timestamp":1516206745.249615,"channel":2,"freq":130.025,"level":-24,"error":2,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"R","ack":false,"tail":".N842UA","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"QUHDQWDUA?1HOWGOZIT\r\n ** PART 01 OF 01 **\r\nHOWGOZIT 1412-17 SJC\r\nCI: 17        RLS: 01 \r\nSJC 1615/1625     171A\r\nBMRNG    1630 37  159-\r\nTIPRE    1638 37  145\r\nINSLO    1701 37  125\r\nGAROT    1726 37  106\r\nEKR      1800 ","end":true,"station_id":"sigint"}
{"timestamp":1516206747.0520389,"channel":2,"freq":130.025,"level":-24,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"H1","block_id":"6","ack":"R","tail":".N842UA","flight":"UA1412","msgno":"D04G","text":"#DFB9102,0043,188/9S101,0039,181/S0101,0043,188/0S100,0039,182/T1100,0043,188/1T099,0039,182/T2099,0043,189/2T098,0039,182/T3098,0043,189/3T097,0039,182/T4098,0043,189/4T097,0039,183/T5098,0043,189/5T097,0039,1","end":true,"station_id":"sigint"}
{"timestamp":1516206752.622808,"channel":2,"freq":130.025,"level":-23,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"S","ack":"6","tail":".N842UA","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"37   80\r\nDEN 1829/1837      67\r\n--SCHEDULED ARRIVAL--\r\n    1842/1850 (00.13E)\r\n** END OF PART 01 **\r\n","station_id":"sigint"}

And then saving it to a file and trying to parse it using json.tool:

[root@radar acars]# python -mjson.tool tleconte.json 
Extra data: line 2 column 1 - line 5 column 1 (char 436 - 1636)

Now, some data that I have saved here:

{"timestamp":1534695523.8791251,"channel":0,"freq":131.550,"level":-18,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"L","ack":false,"tail":"PR-YRF","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"QUASRV1AD~1RA-1\r\nSA 19/16:00 RTD \r\nMETAR SBGR 191600Z 32003KT 9999 FEW030 24/14 Q1023=\r\nSA 19/16:00     \r\nSBRP 191600Z VRB03KT 9999 BKN035 28/09 Q1021=\r\nSA 19/16:00     \r\nSBKP 191600Z 35007KT 300V020 9999 SCT040 25/10 Q1","end":true,"station_id":"radar.vl"}
{"timestamp":1534695528.8761849,"channel":0,"freq":131.550,"level":-18,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"M","ack":false,"tail":"PR-YRF","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"022=\r\n","station_id":"radar.vl"}
{"timestamp":1534696425.332144,"channel":0,"freq":131.550,"level":-18,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"A","ack":false,"tail":"PR-ONC","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"QUSAOASO6~1LOADSHEET FINAL 1333 EDNO1\r\nO66020/19     19AUG18\r\nCGH SDU PR-ONC   2/4\r\nZFW 48707  MAX 54500 \r\nTOF 5300\r\nTOW 54007  MAX 64800 \r\nTIF 1816\r\nLAW 52191  MAX 57500   L\r\nUNDLD 5309\r\nPAX/105 TTL 106\r\nMACZFW   24.3\r\n","end":true,"station_id":"radar.vl"}
{"timestamp":1534696430.32501,"channel":0,"freq":131.550,"level":-17,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"B","ack":false,"tail":"PR-ONC","flight":"","msgno":"","text":"MACTOW   24.1\r\nMACLAW   24.9\r\nSTAB:STANDARD           1.6 UP\r\nA105 \r\nSEATROW TRIM\r\nSI A318\r\nDOW 40260\r\nSERRA 679142\r\nPAX WEIGHTS USED A80 C40 I10\r\nPREPARED BY MEIRELES DUARTE/MICHAEL 55 \r\n11 990180136\r\nNOTOC: NO\r\nFUEL IN","end":true,"station_id":"radar.vl"}
{"timestamp":1534696435.322489,"channel":0,"freq":131.550,"level":-17,"error":0,"mode":"2","label":"RA","block_id":"C","ack":false,"tail":"PR-ONC","flight":"","msgno":"","text":" TANKS 5500\r\nLOAD IN CPTS 0/0 1/0 4/157 5/0 \r\nISSUANCE DATE AND TIME: 19AUG 16:33 UTC\r\nDOV LEANDRO 130026\r\n","station_id":"radar.vl"}

acarsdec CLI parameters:

./acarsdec -r 1 131.550 -o 4

Results:

[root@radar acars]# python -mjson.tool ra.txt
Extra data: line 2 column 1 - line 6 column 1 (char 449 - 1900)

Expected results. See the snippet:

Obtaining a Raw json content:

[rfreire@tambot qpackage-1.0]$ curl -s --insecure https://api.iextrading.com/1.0/stock/AAPL/quote
{"symbol":"AAPL","companyName":"Apple Inc.","primaryExchange":"Nasdaq Global Select","sector":"Technology","calculationPrice":"close","open":213.47,"openTime":1534512600588,"close":217.58,"closeTime":1534536000445,"high":217.95,"low":213.16,"latestPrice":217.58,"latestSource":"Close","latestTime":"August 17, 2018","latestUpdate":1534536000445,"latestVolume":34998882,"iexRealtimePrice":null,"iexRealtimeSize":null,"iexLastUpdated":null,"delayedPrice":217.58,"delayedPriceTime":1534536000445,"extendedPrice":217.55,"extendedChange":-0.03,"extendedChangePercent":-0.00014,"extendedPriceTime":1534539553278,"previousClose":213.32,"change":4.26,"changePercent":0.01997,"iexMarketPercent":null,"iexVolume":null,"avgTotalVolume":25095709,"iexBidPrice":null,"iexBidSize":null,"iexAskPrice":null,"iexAskSize":null,"marketCap":1050895299080,"peRatio":21,"week52High":217.95,"week52Low":149.16,"ytdChange":0.29756620725736654}[rfreire@tambot qpackage-1.0]$ 

And then parsing it with json.tool:

[rfreire@tambot qpackage-1.0]$ curl -s --insecure https://api.iextrading.com/1.0/stock/AAPL/quote | python -mjson.tool
{
    "avgTotalVolume": 25095709, 
    "calculationPrice": "close", 
    "change": 4.2599999999999998, 
    "changePercent": 0.019970000000000002, 
    "close": 217.58000000000001, 
    "closeTime": 1534536000445, 
    "companyName": "Apple Inc.", 
    "delayedPrice": 217.58000000000001, 
    "delayedPriceTime": 1534536000445, 
    "extendedChange": -0.029999999999999999, 
    "extendedChangePercent": -0.00013999999999999999, 
    "extendedPrice": 217.55000000000001, 
    "extendedPriceTime": 1534539553278, 
    "high": 217.94999999999999, 
    "iexAskPrice": null, 
    "iexAskSize": null, 
    "iexBidPrice": null, 
    "iexBidSize": null, 
    "iexLastUpdated": null, 
    "iexMarketPercent": null, 
    "iexRealtimePrice": null, 
    "iexRealtimeSize": null, 
    "iexVolume": null, 
    "latestPrice": 217.58000000000001, 
    "latestSource": "Close", 
    "latestTime": "August 17, 2018", 
    "latestUpdate": 1534536000445, 
    "latestVolume": 34998882, 
    "low": 213.16, 
    "marketCap": 1050895299080, 
    "open": 213.47, 
    "openTime": 1534512600588, 
    "peRatio": 21, 
    "previousClose": 213.31999999999999, 
    "primaryExchange": "Nasdaq Global Select", 
    "sector": "Technology", 
    "symbol": "AAPL", 
    "week52High": 217.94999999999999, 
    "week52Low": 149.16, 
    "ytdChange": 0.29756620725736654
}

Can you please check it?

I appreciate it a lot.

Yet another partial re-implementation (this time in Rust)

Jan & Thierry,

  For an interesting amount of time I`ve been studying both of your implementations

in order to learn ACARS and the ACARS decoding. While not yet close to the developments
you both achieved with your softwares, these project of mine has been an interesting
knowledge-gaining ride. Thank you both for making your code public and acessible.

  In the following link you will find yet another ACARS decoder, now in rust: 

https://github.com/manoeldesouza/acarsrx

Also did a basic one sometime ago in GO - Just for the func:
https://github.com/manoeldesouza/acarsGO

And some attempt in C:
https://github.com/manoeldesouza/rtl_acars

Cannot run 2 instances of acarsdec or 1x acarsdec and 1x dumpvdl2.

When I run 2 instances of acarsdec (3.4) the second instance issues this error message:
Failed to submit transfer 30!
Read async -5
and aborts.

A similar error occurs when I run Dumpvdl2 and Acarsdec in that sequence.

After I changed rtl.c
from
r = rtlsdr_read_async(dev, in_callback, NULL, 32, RTLINBUFSZ);
to
r = rtlsdr_read_async(dev, in_callback, NULL, 10, RTLINBUFSZ);
all works fine.

libacars UDP feed

Hi Thierry,

The current -j UDP output generates JSON output of the basic acars messages as well as the additional 'acarsdec' decoded data of departure and destination - JSON "depa" and "dsta".

With the adiition of libacars would it be possible to include the additional 'libacars' decoded data in the UDP output; maybe a 'libacars' JSON field with the data.

Stuart

rtlsdr - SDR:Device not found

I am getting the following:
I am using this imple command line:

cmd /c acarsdeco2.exe --device-serial 1 --freq-correction 0 --freq 131725000 --freq 131525000 --freq 131814000 --http-port 8082 --vrs-url http://127.0.0.1:83

I am getting this response:

AcarSDeco2 v.20181201
Using device: 0 mnf: Realtek prod: RTL2838UHIDIR serial: 00000001
Sampling rate: 1400000.018544 sps
SDR Device Not found
Press any key to continue . . .

Evidently identifies the dongle and then says Device not found? Uh?

rtl_tcp support?

Hi. This might be a feature request if currently is not supported.

I'm using a remote RPI3 and I'd like to be able to receive the input from rtl_tcp or from GQRX UDP raw audio stream. Can acarsdec receive the input from rtl_tcp of from GQRX ?

Thanks in advance!

RTL - command parameter -r <serial number>

BIG EDIT
Oops.
Sorry, my mistake.

Stuart

SoapySDR support

Similar to #48, I'd like a method to stream samples in over the network. SoapySDR has an rtl_tcp driver as well as drivers for many other devices. My use case is sharing a dongle between programs which are using frequencies in a single 2 MHz band. I have already gotten this working with rtl_tcp and rtlmuxer (https://github.com/rpatel3001/docker-rtlmuxer) feeding both rtlsdr-airband and dumpvdl2, I'd like to add acarsdec to the mix as well.

Doesn't work with AirSpy-mini

Tried latest version (from git) using latest version of libairspy, no success.

pi@raspberrypi:~/acarsdec/build $ airspy_info
airspy_lib_version: 1.0.9

Found AirSpy board 1
Board ID Number: 0 (AIRSPY)
Firmware Version: AirSpy MINI v1.0.0-rc9-0-ga56adfd 2016-06-12
Part ID Number: 0x6906002B 0x00000030
Serial Number: 0x04A464C83488940B
Supported sample rates:
        6.000000 MSPS
        3.000000 MSPS
Close board 1
pi@raspberrypi:~/acarsdec/build $ ./acarsdec -v -s 131.523
did not find needed sampling rate
Unable to init input

Acarsdec on Raspberry pi with Bullseye 64 bit: too many parity errors but no decoded acars

Hello

I recently installed acarsdec on a raspberry pi 3b+ with bullseye (raspbian 11) 64 bit.
I have the RTL-SDR blog V3 with good reception, However, until now I did not succeed in displaying decoded messages.

As you can see, it keeps displaying that there are parity errors, crc errors and that the errors cannot be fixed. This is in verbose mode.
Am I missing something? I expected the decoded acars to be visible in the terminal with the -o 2 argument. How can I access the decoded data otherwise?

Many thanks!

Dead link to 'sdrplay ' in

The 'sdrplay ' link in the following line of the readme under Features:

input via rtl_sdr, or airspy or sdrplay software defined radios (SDR)

is dead/wrong.

Cheers,
Dick

Decoding from RTL-SDR breaks after ~10 messages

While decoding from the RTL-SDR, the first 10 messages are read reliably. After this point, I see more and more "too many parity errors" until eventually all messages are parity errors. Restarting acarsdec fixes the issue for another ~10 messages. This issue does not seem to exist in the 3.2 version. I have not been able to find the issue in the source.

Problems compiling on macOS

Having issues compiling on macOS Mojave.

The libraries appear to be installed in /usr/local/include/libacars. How do I tell the compiler to look there?

$ cmake -Drtl=ON ..
-- The C compiler identification is AppleClang 10.0.1.10010046
-- Check for working C compiler: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/cc
-- Check for working C compiler: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/cc -- works
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
-- Detecting C compile features
-- Detecting C compile features - done
-- Using libacars
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /Users/steven/Downloads/acarsdec/build
macmini:build steven$ make
Scanning dependencies of target acarsdec
[ 12%] Building C object CMakeFiles/acarsdec.dir/acars.c.o
[ 25%] Building C object CMakeFiles/acarsdec.dir/acarsdec.c.o
/Users/steven/Downloads/acarsdec/acarsdec.c:28:10: fatal error: 
      'libacars/version.h' file not found
#include <libacars/version.h>
         ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1 error generated.
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/acarsdec.dir/acarsdec.c.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/acarsdec.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [all] Error 2

Add stop for exceeding maximum frequency separation

Since the RTL-SDR cannot fetch more than 2 MHz bandwidth, the frequencies provided in the list may not be separated by more than this. However, the binary happily accepts anything, and continues execution with unknown consequences.

I propose to implement a stop for this.

Multiple concurrent socket output.

Besides the output to a logfile only one of the 3 (n, N and J) sockets outputs seems to be supported.
If both -n and -j are selected only one output seems to be generated. No error message is shown.
If only -n or -j is selected it works fine.
The switch code in acarsdec.c seems to fill 'netout' with only the last of the 3 possible parameters that appear in the parameter list.

My request is to support multiple concurrent socket output feeds so I can feed the data in both PP and in JSON format.

Cheers,
Dick

Cannot monitor multiple frequencies

This line will produce messeges:

acarsdec -v -o 4 -g 500 -i TJ-MCI1-ACARS -j feed.acars.io:5550 -r 111 130.025

This line will NOT produce messages:

acarsdec -v -o 4 -g 500 -i TJ-MCI1-ACARS -j feed.acars.io:5550 -r 111 130.025 130.450 130.825 131.125 131.425 131.550 131.725 131.850

n.b. 130.025 is included in both commands.

pi@acars:~ $ cat ./acars.sh 
acarsdec -v -o 4 -g 500 -i TJ-MCI1-ACARS -j feed.acars.io:5550 -r 111 130.025 130.450 130.825 131.125 131.425 131.550 131.725 131.850
pi@acars:~ $ ./acars.sh 
Found 2 device(s):
  0:  Realtek, RTL2838UHIDIR, SN: 222
  1:  Realtek, RTL2838UHIDIR, SN: 111

Using device 1: Generic RTL2832U OEM
Found Rafael Micro R820T tuner
Tuner gain : 49.600000
Set center freq. to 131000000Hz
Exact sample rate is: 2000000.052982 Hz
Decoding 8 channels
Allocating 4 zero-copy buffers

No messages after 12 hours

pi@acars:~ $ acarsdec -v -o 4 -g 500 -i TJ-MCI1-ACARS -j feed.acars.io:5550 -r 111 130.025
Found 2 device(s):
  0:  Realtek, RTL2838UHIDIR, SN: 222
  1:  Realtek, RTL2838UHIDIR, SN: 111

Using device 1: Generic RTL2832U OEM
Found Rafael Micro R820T tuner
Tuner gain : 49.600000
Set center freq. to 130050000Hz
Exact sample rate is: 2000000.052982 Hz
Decoding 1 channels
Allocating 4 zero-copy buffers

Produces a dozen messages over a few hours.

Allow out-of-source builds

Currently the makefiles support only in-source builds. It would be nice to get out-of-source build support like

$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ make -f ../Makefile.rtl

Document the error correction algorithm

Hello Thierry,

First let me thank you for this great piece of software. It does an amazing job indeed.

I would like to request you to please document the exact algorithm you have implemented to correct errors. I have figured out most of it but the syndrome part still throws me off as I am not super good with CRC maths.

My final goal is to improve the algorithm to ensure the corrected messages are well formed e.g. the aircraft reg. number doesn't contain oddball characters. Ideally I'd appreciate a callback function inserted into the error correction code which I could then modify. I'd also need to ensure the algorithm actually completes. :-)

The -f don't work

Hi! I need to parse a wav file after long time recording. But the -f doesn't work anytime.

Request - Include Frequency in -N UDP output

The UDP -N output allows the data to be sent to a remote machine. That machine may not know the acarsdec command line parameters used and will not know how to associate channel number to a specific frequency. Is it possible to change the UDP -N feed to include the frequency in place of the channel number e.g.
change
(null) 2 27/10/2016 08:56:52 0 -17 X .N223UA L _d 8 S59A UA0932
to
(null) 131.725 27/10/2016 08:56:52 0 -17 X .N223UA L _d 8 S59A UA0932

I'm not a C developer, so if anyone is willing to create a Pull Request I would appreciate it and hopefully it will be eventually included in the official released version of this excellent program.

Thanks
Stuart

Compile Options making Problems on Raspbian

On my Raspberry (Raspberry Pi OS buster both armhf and arm64) acarsdec was not able to receive messages. No error was shown. Now I found the problem: the compile options.
add_compile_options(-O2) does not work! It works after changing to add_compile_options(-Ofast -march=native ).

Program not launching

Hello,
I just installed the current version of acarsdec from this repository, and can't find a way to make it work.
Actually, regardless what parameters I choose, the program only returns the help menu.

I am using an RTL-SDR Antenna with needed libraries installed, on Debian 10 Buster (x64 intel).
Can you help me on this ? Thanks a lot

Here's what is happening:

(base) mathis@debian:~/Linux-version$ acarsdec -o1 -v -p -22 -g 400 -r 0 131.725
Acarsdec/acarsserv 3.5 Copyright (c) 2017 Thierry Leconte
(libacars 2.0.0)

Usage: acarsdec  [-v] [-o lv] [-t time] [-A] [-n ipaddr:port] [-l logfile [-H|-D]]

 -v			: verbose
 -A			: don't display uplink messages (ie : only aircraft messages)

 -o lv			: output format : 0 : no log, 1 : one line by msg, 2 : full (default) , 3 : monitor , 4 : msg JSON, 5 : route JSON

 -t time		: set forget time (TTL) in seconds for monitor mode (default=600s)
 -l logfile		: append log messages to logfile (Default : stdout).
 -H			: rotate log file once every hour
 -D			: rotate log file once every day
 -n ipaddr:port		: send acars messages to addr:port on UDP in planeplotter compatible format
 -N ipaddr:port		: send acars messages to addr:port on UDP in acarsdec native format
 -j ipaddr:port		: send acars messages to addr:port on UDP in acarsdec json format
 -i stationid		: station id used in acarsdec network format.
 -b filter		: filter output by label (ex: -b "H1:Q0" : only output messages  with label H1 or Q0)


Up to 8 channels may be simultaneously decoded

Possible for acarserv to use mysql backend?

Would it be possible for acarserv to use mysql backend instead of sqlite?

Thanks

Where is a second argument?

acarsdec/dbmgn.c

Line 73 in d11c586

fprintf(stderr, "Failed to preprare %s : %s\n", sql[i]);

error "too many parity errors"

After seemingly receiving a message, instead of having any messages decoded instead seems to show several errors following a format of #(number here) too many parity errors. I had just installed today and I was somewhat successful until now, I haven't done anything different however.

README errors

Hi Thierry,
As the make process creates device specific executables depending on the -f parameter, all references to just 'acarsdec' as the program name are incorrect.
See:
https://github.com/TLeconte/acarsdec#usage
https://github.com/TLeconte/acarsdec#examples

Also under
https://github.com/TLeconte/acarsdec#compilation
The 'make -f Makefile.sdrplay' is missing.
And maybe you could mention here that the name of the executable that is created also depends on the device..

Cheers,
Dick

index() is deprecated POSIX function

acarsdec/label.c

Lines 150 to 156 in d11c586

	p=index(txt,'\n'); if(p==NULL) return 0;
	p++;
	if(memcmp(p,"SCH/",4)) return 0;
	p=index(p+4,'/'); if(p==NULL) return 0;
	memcpy(oooi->sa,p+1,4);
	memcpy(oooi->da,p+6,4);
	p=index(p,'\n'); if(p==NULL) return 0;

from Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6:

The index() function shall be equivalent to strchr()... The strchr() function is preferred over this function.
For maximum portability, it is recommended to replace the function call to index() as follows:
#define index(a,b) strchr((a),(b))

Using the SDRPlay

I pulled the latest version.
Did a make -f Makefile.rtl which compiled error free.
Did a make -f Makefile.sdrplay which failed with an error.
Did a make -f Makefile.sdrplay clean
Did a make -f Makefile.sdrplay whcih now compiled erro free.

Not sure how to indicate that I want to run it using my RSP1.
The Usage section mentions:
for the SDRplay device -s f1 [f2] ... [fN] :
(whihc is the same as for the AIRspy.
But
./acarsdec -s 131.525 131.725 131.825
results in the help text being displayed..

The -s option is not mentioned in the help text the program produces.

What am I doing wrong?

Cheers,
Dick

Discussion about compile/run-time sample rate selection

Moving the discussion here from 058eb01#diff-3bf2ef42cf6b8f3ece930bed9bcb1f99

As an experiment, I increased my RTLMULT to 204 so I could get 2.56Ms/s and will see if this has an effect on my reception quality. I'm only using 30% of 1 core on a Pi3.

Stops working

I notice that, after a while, the program stops working. I’m using VNC viewer mainly, to connect to the RPi, but this also happens with PuTTy.
On VNC, after the program stops working, I can relaunch it, I don’t even have to log in to the RPi, it just starts running right away.

Program stops working after long unattended period, meaning, I’m not hovering my cursor over the open terminal window or interacting with it.

High CPU usage, no messages getting decoded

After doing an update, I noticed no messages were getting decoded. Looking into it a little further I also noticed acarsdec was using 100% of a 32bit Intel atom CPU "core".

I've gone through the commits to try and find a culprit. 2ae8e8e seems to be the latest version that is working. From 2af3b86 onwards it's 100% CPU usage and nothing gets decoded.

Undoing commit 2af3b86 in current master (092989e) also seems to fix the problem. I guess the old intel atom Does not like "portable" binary?

Other info: I'm using RTL-SDR as input device, and decoding 5 channels. OS is Debian Buster.

Using 2 instances of acarsdec on rpi

Hi

I am interested in using 2 instances of acarsdec with two different rtl dongles. Reason being that the dongles have a bandwidth of 2.4MHz which is too narrow to cover both 131 and 136MHz acars channels.
What should be the best method? Call the program twice with different parameters and run in background?

Second question: Is it possible to have a web preview?

Third question: Can the logs be written realtime to a csv? I would love to show them on my custom webpage and possibly link them to the basestation.sqb from VRS like they did with acarsdeco2.

Kind regards