These tables compares EVM opcodes with ewasm methods and wasm instructions. The EVM defines 134 opcodes (as of the Byzantium hard fork). Of these 134 opcodes, some represent generic machine instructions (ADD, MUL, ISZERO, XOR, etc.) and the rest are Ethereum-specific operations (SLOAD, SSTORE, GASPRICE, BLOCKHASH, etc.).
When EVM bytecode is transpiled to ewasm bytecode, the Ethereum-specific opcodes translate to corresponding ewasm interface methods (Ethereum Environment Interface (EEI) methods). These interface methods are provided as host functions to the wasm VM. All other EVM opcodes are not Ethereum-specific and do not access data from the Ethereum environment, so they reduce to pure wasm instructions.
To reference EVM opcodes, try the yellow paper, the readable yellow paper, or the pyethereum implementation.
To reference ewasm interface methods, see the EEI spec.
EVM opcodes (Byzantium) with corresponding ewasm methods (Ethereum Environment Interface (EEI) Revision 4)
| EVM opcode | ewasm interface method |
|---|---|
| 0x00: STOP | finish(0, 0) |
| 0x30: ADDRESS | getAddress |
| 0x31: BALANCE | getBalance |
| 0x32: ORIGIN | getTxOrigin |
| 0x33: CALLER | getCaller |
| 0x34: CALLVALUE | getCallValue |
| 0x35: CALLDATALOAD | callDataCopy(resultOffset, dataOffset, 32) |
| 0x36: CALLDATASIZE | getCallDataSize |
| 0x37: CALLDATACOPY | callDataCopy(resultOffset, dataOffset, size) |
| 0x38: CODESIZE | getCodeSize |
| 0x39: CODECOPY | codeCopy |
| 0x3a: GASPRICE | getTxGasPrice |
| 0x3b: EXTCODESIZE | getExternalCodeSize |
| 0x3c: EXTCODECOPY | externalCodeCopy |
| 0x3d: RETURNDATASIZE | getReturnDataSize |
| 0x3e: RETURNDATACOPY | returnDataCopy |
| 0x40: BLOCKHASH | getBlockHash |
| 0x41: COINBASE | getBlockCoinbase |
| 0x42: TIMESTAMP | getBlockTimestamp |
| 0x43: NUMBER | getBlockNumber |
| 0x44: DIFFICULTY | getBlockDifficulty |
| 0x45: GASLIMIT | getBlockGasLimit |
| 0x54: SLOAD | storageLoad |
| 0x55: SSTORE | storageStore |
| 0x58: PC | -† |
| 0x5a: GAS | getGasLeft |
| 0xa0: LOG0 | log(0,..) |
| ... | |
| 0xa4: LOG4 | log(4,..) |
| 0xf0: CREATE | create |
| 0xf1: CALL | call |
| 0xf2: CALLCODE | callCode |
| 0xf3: RETURN | finish |
| 0xf4: DELEGATECALL | callDelegate |
| 0xfa: STATICCALL | callStatic |
| 0xfd: REVERT | revert |
| 0xff: SELFDESTRUCT | selfDestruct |
†. In EVM, the Program Counter (PC) opcode returns the currently executing bytecode position. When EVM is transpiled to ewasm with evm2wasm, this bytecode position is calculated by the transpiler and inserted as a wasm constant. For ewasm code that is not transpiled from EVM, there is no interface method corresponding to the PC opcode.
Whereas EVM is an untyped VM with a 256-bit word size, WebAssembly is a typed VM with 32-bit and 64-bit word sizes. The two wasm base types are integers and floats, which when combined with the two word sizes, create four types: i32, i64, f32, f64.
Ethereum WebAssembly, or ewasm, is a subset of wasm. Only the integer types (i32 and i64) are supported, floating point types and floating point instructions are not supported. In total, 60 wasm instructions are supported in ewasm:
- 10 control flow instructions
- 11 basic instructions
- 19 integer arithmetic instructions
- 10 integer comparison instructions
- 3 integer conversion instructions
- 7 memory instructions (load, store, extend)
ewasm excludes the wasm floating point instructions:
- 14 floating point arithmetic instructions
- 6 floating point comparison instructions
- 7 floating point conversion instructions
To reference wasm instructions, see the wasm spec or reference manual.
| EVM opcode (256-bit) | wasm instruction i32/i64 (32-bit or 64-bit) |
|---|---|
| 0x01: ADD | i32.add |
| 0x02: MUL | i32.mul |
| 0x03: SUB | i32.sub |
| 0x04: DIV | i32.div_u |
| 0x05: SDIV | i32.div_s |
| 0x06: MOD | i32.rem_u |
| 0x07: SMOD | i32.rem_s |
| 0x08: ADDMOD | -‡ |
| 0x09: MULMOD | -‡ |
| 0x0a: EXP | -‡ |
| 0x0b: SIGNEXTEND | -‡ |
| 0x10: LT | i32.lt_u |
| 0x11: GT | i32.gt_u |
| 0x12: SLT | i32.lt_s |
| 0x13: SGT | i32.gt_s |
| 0x14: EQ | i32.eq |
| 0x15: ISZERO | i32.eqz |
| 0x16: AND | i32.and |
| 0x17: OR | i32.or |
| 0x18: XOR | i32.xor |
| 0x19: NOT | i32.sub (i32.const 0xffffffff) |
| 0x1a: BYTE | i32.load8 |
| 0x20: SHA3 | -‡ |
| 0x50: POP | drop |
| 0x51: MLOAD | i32.load |
| 0x52: MSTORE | i32.store |
| 0x53: MSTORE8 | i32.store |
| 0x56: JUMP | br |
| 0x57: JUMPI | br_if, br_table |
| 0x59: MSIZE | current_memory |
| 0x5b: JUMPDEST | block, loop |
| 0xfe: INVALID | unreachable |
| 0x60: PUSH1 | i32.const |
| ... | |
| 0x7f: PUSH32 | i32.const |
| 0x80: DUP1 | get_global, get_local |
| ... | |
| 0x8f: DUP16 | get_global, get_local |
| 0x90: SWAP1 | get_global, get_local |
| ... | |
| 0x9f: SWAP16 | get_global, get_local |
‡. Some EVM opcodes, such as ADDMOD (modular addition), EXP (exponentiation), or SHA3 (Keccak-256 hash), do not have simple reductions to single wasm instructions (or to only a few wasm instructions). The functionality of these opcodes is replicated by a relatively large wasm module (for instance, SHA3 reduces to about 900 lines of wast code).
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