Three.js-based implemetation of a renderer for 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering, a technique for generating 3D scenes from 2D images. Their project is CUDA-based and needs to run natively on your machine, but I wanted to build a viewer that was accessible via the web.
The 3D scenes are stored in a format similar to point clouds and can be viewed, navigated, and interacted with in real-time. This renderer will work with the .ply
files generated by the INRIA project, standard .splat
files, or my own custom .ksplat
files, which are a trimmed-down and compressed version of the original .ply
files.
When I started, web-based viewers were already available -- A WebGL-based viewer from antimatter15 and a WebGPU viewer from cvlab-epfl -- However no Three.js version existed. I used those versions as a starting point for my initial implementation, but as of now this project contains all my own code.
- Rendering is done entirely through Three.js
- Code is organized into modern ES modules
- Built-in viewer is self-contained so very little code is necessary to load and view a scene
- Viewer can import
.ply
files,.splat
files, or my custom compressed.ksplat
files - Users can convert
.ply
or.splat
files to the.ksplat
file format - Allows a Three.js scene or object group to be rendered along with the splats
- Built-in WebXR support
- Focus on optimization:
- Splats culled prior to sorting & rendering using a custom octree
- WASM splat sort: Implemented in C++ using WASM SIMD instructions
- Partially GPU accelerated splat sort: Uses transform feedback to pre-calculate splat distances
- Splat sort runs on the CPU โ would be great to figure out a GPU-based approach
- Artifacts are visible when you move or rotate too fast (due to CPU-based splat sort)
- Sub-optimal performance on mobile devices
- Custom
.ksplat
file format still needs work, especially around compression - The default, integer based splat sort does not work well for larger scenes. In that case a value of
false
for theintegerBasedSort
viewer parameter can force a slower, floating-point based sort
This is still very much a work in progress! There are several things that still need to be done:
- Improve the method by which splat data is stored in textures
- Properly incorporate spherical harmonics data to achieve view dependent lighting effects
- Continue optimizing CPU-based splat sort - maybe try an incremental sort of some kind?
- Add editing mode, allowing users to modify scene and export changes
- Support very large scenes
https://projects.markkellogg.org/threejs/demo_gaussian_splats_3d.php
Mouse
- Left click to set the focal point
- Left click and drag to orbit around the focal point
- Right click and drag to pan the camera and focal point
Keyboard
-
C
Toggles the mesh cursor, showing the intersection point of a mouse-projected ray and the splat mesh -
I
Toggles an info panel that displays debugging info:- Camera position
- Camera focal point/look-at point
- Camera up vector
- Mesh cursor position
- Current FPS
- Renderer window size
- Ratio of rendered splats to total splats
- Last splat sort duration
-
U
Toggles a debug object that shows the orientation of the camera controls. It includes a green arrow representing the camera's orbital axis and a white square representing the plane at which the camera's elevation angle is 0. -
Left arrow
Rotate the camera's up vector counter-clockwise -
Right arrow
Rotate the camera's up vector clockwise -
P
Toggle point-cloud mode, where each splat is rendered as a filled circle -
=
Increase splat scale -
-
Decrease splat scale -
O
Toggle orthographic mode
Navigate to the code directory and run
npm install
Next run the build. For Linux & Mac OS systems run:
npm run build
For Windows I have added a Windows-compatible version of the build command:
npm run build-windows
To view the demo scenes locally run
npm run demo
The demo will be accessible locally at http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.html. You will need to download the data for the demo scenes and extract them into
<code directory>/build/demo/assets/data
The demo scene data is available here: https://projects.markkellogg.org/downloads/gaussian_splat_data.zip
If you don't want to build the library from source, it is also available as an NPM package. The NPM package does not come with the source code or demos that are available in the source repository. To install, run the following command:
npm install @mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d
To run the built-in viewer:
import * as GaussianSplats3D from '@mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d';
const viewer = new GaussianSplats3D.Viewer({
'cameraUp': [0, -1, -0.6],
'initialCameraPosition': [-1, -4, 6],
'initialCameraLookAt': [0, 4, 0]
});
viewer.addSplatScene('<path to .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>', {
'splatAlphaRemovalThreshold': 5,
'showLoadingUI': true,
'position': [0, 1, 0],
'rotation': [0, 0, 0, 1],
'scale': [1.5, 1.5, 1.5]
})
.then(() => {
viewer.start();
});
Viewer parameters
Parameter | Purpose |
---|---|
cameraUp |
The natural 'up' vector for viewing the scene (only has an effect when used with orbit controls and when the viewer uses its own camera). Serves as the axis around which the camera will orbit, and is used to determine the scene's orientation relative to the camera. |
initialCameraPosition |
The camera's initial position (only used when the viewer uses its own camera). |
initialCameraLookAt |
The initial focal point of the camera and center of the camera's orbit (only used when the viewer uses its own camera). |
Parameters for addSplatScene()
Parameter | Purpose |
---|---|
splatAlphaRemovalThreshold |
Tells addSplatScene() to ignore any splats with an alpha less than the specified value (valid range: 0 - 255). Defaults to 1 . |
showLoadingUI |
Displays a loading spinner and/or loading progress bar while the scene is loading. Defaults to true . |
position |
Position of the scene, acts as an offset from its default position. Defaults to [0, 0, 0] . |
rotation |
Rotation of the scene represented as a quaternion, defaults to [0, 0, 0, 1] (identity quaternion). |
scale |
Scene's scale, defaults to [1, 1, 1] . |
streamView |
Stream the scene's splat data and allow the scene to be rendered and viewed as the splats are loaded. Option is only valid for addSplatScene() , and not for addSplatScenes() . |
Viewer
can also load multiple scenes simultaneously with the addSplatScenes()
function:
import * as GaussianSplats3D from '@mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d';
viewer.addSplatScenes([{
'path': '<path to first .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>',
'splatAlphaRemovalThreshold': 20
},
{
'path': '<path to second .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>',
'rotation': [-0.14724434, -0.0761755, 0.1410657, 0.976020],
'scale': [1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
'position': [-3, -2, -3.2]
}
])
.then(() => {
viewer.start();
});
The addSplatScene()
and addSplatScenes()
methods will accept the original .ply
files, standard .splat
files, and my custom .ksplat
files.
You can integrate your own Three.js scene into the viewer if you want rendering to be handled for you. Just pass a Three.js scene object as the threeScene
parameter to the constructor:
import * as GaussianSplats3D from '@mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d';
import * as THREE from 'three';
const threeScene = new THREE.Scene();
const boxColor = 0xBBBBBB;
const boxGeometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(2, 2, 2);
const boxMesh = new THREE.Mesh(boxGeometry, new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({'color': boxColor}));
boxMesh.position.set(3, 2, 2);
threeScene.add(boxMesh);
const viewer = new GaussianSplats3D.Viewer({
'threeScene': threeScene,
});
viewer.addSplatScene('<path to .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>')
.then(() => {
viewer.start();
});
Currently this will only work for objects that write to the depth buffer (e.g. standard opaque objects). Supporting transparent objects will be more challenging :)
A "drop-in" mode for the viewer is also supported. The DropInViewer
class encapsulates Viewer
and can be added to a Three.js scene like any other renderable:
import * as GaussianSplats3D from '@mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d';
import * as THREE from 'three';
const threeScene = new THREE.Scene();
const viewer = new GaussianSplats3D.DropInViewer({
'gpuAcceleratedSort': true
});
viewer.addSplatScenes([{
'path': '<path to .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>'
'splatAlphaRemovalThreshold': 5
},
{
'path': '<path to .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>',
'rotation': [0, -0.857, -0.514495, 6.123233995736766e-17],
'scale': [1.5, 1.5, 1.5],
'position': [0, -2, -1.2]
}
]);
threeScene.add(viewer);
The viewer allows for various levels of customization via constructor parameters. You can control when its update()
and render()
methods are called by passing false
for the selfDrivenMode
parameter and then calling those methods whenever/wherever you decide is appropriate. You can also use your own camera controls, as well as an your own instance of a Three.js Renderer
or Camera
The sample below shows all of these options:
import * as GaussianSplats3D from '@mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d';
import * as THREE from 'three';
const renderWidth = 800;
const renderHeight = 600;
const rootElement = document.createElement('div');
rootElement.style.width = renderWidth + 'px';
rootElement.style.height = renderHeight + 'px';
document.body.appendChild(rootElement);
const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({
antialias: false
});
renderer.setSize(renderWidth, renderHeight);
rootElement.appendChild(renderer.domElement);
const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(65, renderWidth / renderHeight, 0.1, 500);
camera.position.copy(new THREE.Vector3().fromArray([-1, -4, 6]));
camera.up = new THREE.Vector3().fromArray([0, -1, -0.6]).normalize();
camera.lookAt(new THREE.Vector3().fromArray([0, 4, -0]));
const viewer = new GaussianSplats3D.Viewer({
'selfDrivenMode': false,
'renderer': renderer,
'camera': camera,
'useBuiltInControls': false,
'ignoreDevicePixelRatio': false,
'gpuAcceleratedSort': true,
'halfPrecisionCovariancesOnGPU': true,
'sharedMemoryForWorkers': true,
'integerBasedSort': true,
'dynamicScene': false,
'webXRMode': GaussianSplats3D.WebXRMode.None,
'renderMode': GaussianSplats3D.RenderMode.OnChange,
'sceneRevealMode': GaussianSplats3D.SceneRevealMode.Instant,
'antialiased': false,
'focalAdjustment': 1.0
});
viewer.addSplatScene('<path to .ply, .ksplat, or .splat file>')
.then(() => {
requestAnimationFrame(update);
});
Since selfDrivenMode
is false, it is up to the developer to call the update()
and render()
methods on the Viewer
class:
function update() {
requestAnimationFrame(update);
viewer.update();
viewer.render();
}
Advanced Viewer
parameters
Parameter | Purpose |
---|---|
selfDrivenMode |
If false , tells the viewer that you will manually call its update() and render() methods. Defaults to true . |
useBuiltInControls |
Tells the viewer to use its own camera controls. Defaults to true . |
renderer |
Pass an instance of a Three.js Renderer to the viewer, otherwise it will create its own. Defaults to undefined . |
camera |
Pass an instance of a Three.js Camera to the viewer, otherwise it will create its own. Defaults to undefined . |
ignoreDevicePixelRatio |
Tells the viewer to pretend the device pixel ratio is 1, which can boost performance on devices where it is larger, at a small cost to visual quality. Defaults to false . |
gpuAcceleratedSort |
Tells the viewer to use a partially GPU-accelerated approach to sorting splats. Currently this means pre-computation of splat distances from the camera is performed on the GPU. It is recommended that this only be set to true when sharedMemoryForWorkers is also true . Defaults to false on mobile devices, true otherwise. |
halfPrecisionCovariancesOnGPU |
Tells the viewer to use 16-bit floating point values when storing splat covariance data in textures, instead of 32-bit. Defaults to false . |
sharedMemoryForWorkers |
Tells the viewer to use shared memory via a SharedArrayBuffer to transfer data to and from the sorting web worker. If set to false , it is recommended that gpuAcceleratedSort be set to false as well. Defaults to true . |
integerBasedSort |
Tells the sorting web worker to use the integer versions of relevant data to compute the distance of splats from the camera. Since integer arithmetic is faster than floating point, this reduces sort time. However it can result in integer overflows in larger scenes so it should only be used for small scenes. Defaults to true . |
dynamicScene |
Tells the viewer to not make any optimizations that depend on the scene being static. Additionally all splat data retrieved from the viewer's splat mesh will not have their respective scene transform applied to them by default. |
webXRMode |
Tells the viewer whether or not to enable built-in Web VR or Web AR. Valid values are defined in the WebXRMode enum: None , VR , and AR . Defaults to None . |
renderMode |
Controls when the viewer renders the scene. Valid values are defined in the RenderMode enum: Always , OnChange , and Never . Defaults to Always . |
sceneRevealMode |
Controls the fade-in effect used when the scene is loaded. Valid values are defined in the SceneRevealMode enum: Default , Gradual , and Instant . Default results in a nice, slow fade-in effect for progressively loaded scenes, and a fast fade-in for non progressively loaded scenes. Gradual will force a slow fade-in for all scenes. Instant will force all loaded scene data to be immediately visible. |
antialiased |
When true, will perform additional steps during rendering to address artifacts caused by the rendering of gaussians at substantially different resolutions than that at which they were rendered during training. This will only work correctly for models that were trained using a process that utilizes this compensation calculation. For more details: nerfstudio-project/gsplat#117, graphdeco-inria/gaussian-splatting#294 (comment) |
focalAdjustment |
Hacky, non-scientific parameter for tweaking focal length related calculations. For scenes with very small gaussians & small details, increasing this value can help improve visual quality. Default value is 1.0. |
To convert a .ply
or .splat
file into the stripped-down and compressed .ksplat
format, there are several options. The easiest method is to use the UI in the main demo page at http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.html. If you want to run the conversion programatically, run the following in a browser:
import * as GaussianSplats3D from '@mkkellogg/gaussian-splats-3d';
const compressionLevel = 1;
const splatAlphaRemovalThreshold = 5; // out of 255
GaussianSplats3D.PlyLoader.loadFromURL('<path to .ply or .splat file>', compressionLevel, splatAlphaRemovalThreshold)
.then((splatBuffer) => {
GaussianSplats3D.KSplatLoader.downloadFile(splatBuffer, 'converted_file.ksplat');
});
Both of the above methods will prompt your browser to automatically start downloading the converted .ksplat
file.
The third option is to use the included nodejs script:
node util/create-ksplat.js [path to .PLY or .SPLAT] [output file] [compression level = 0] [alpha removal threshold = 1]
Currently supported values for compressionLevel
are 0
or 1
. 0
means no compression, 1
means compression of scale, rotation, and position values from 32-bit to 16-bit.
By default, the Viewer
class uses shared memory (via a typed array backed by a SharedArrayBufffer
) to communicate with the web worker that sorts the splats. This mechanism presents a potential security issue that is outlined here: https://web.dev/articles/cross-origin-isolation-guide. Shared memory can be disabled by passing false
for the sharedMemoryForWorkers
parameter to the constructor for Viewer
, but if you want to leave it enabled, a couple of extra CORS HTTP headers need to be present in the response from the server that is sent when loading the application. Without those headers set, you might see an error like the following in the debug console:
"DOMException: Failed to execute 'postMessage' on 'DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope': SharedArrayBuffer transfer requires self.crossOriginIsolated."
For the local demo I created a simple HTTP server (util/server.js) that sets those headers:
response.setHeader("Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy", "same-origin");
response.setHeader("Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy", "require-corp");
For Apache, you can edit the .htaccess
file to allow CORS by adding the lines:
Header add Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy "same-origin"
Header add Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy "require-corp"
Additionally you may need to require a secure connection to your server by redirecting all access via http://
to https://
. In Apache this can be done by updating the .htaccess
file with the following lines:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R,L]
For Vite, one popular option is to install the vite-plugin-cross-origin-isolation plugin via npm
and then add the following to your vite.config.js
file.
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
export default defineConfig({
plugins: [
{
name: "configure-response-headers",
configureServer: (server) => {
server.middlewares.use((_req, res, next) => {
res.setHeader("Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy", "require-corp");
res.setHeader("Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy", "same-origin");
next();
});
},
},
],
});
There are other ways to configure Vite to handle this referenced in issue #41.