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In a programmers' life, Linux is the thing that one should know how to use it efficiently.
This is a self learn tutorial for those who new to Linux terminal and want to learn how to use it effectively.
This tutorial is covering the most used(80-90%) commands.
1. man
command
- to get the manual of commands that what specific command actually do and how to use it.
- Syntax:
man <command_name>
- use
q
key to exit from man page
2. ls
command
- list command, used to list the files.
- Syntax:
ls
accepts a lot of optionsls
ls <folder_path>
- to list files of a specific folderls -al
3. mkdir
command
- to create folders
- Syntax:
mkdir <folder_name>
- single foldermkdir <folder1> <folder2>
- multiple foldersmkdir -p <parentfolder / childfolder>
- nested folders
4. cd
command
- cd means change directory. You can jump between folders using this command.
-Syntax:
cd <folder_name/path>
cd ..
- to back to parent foldercd ../folder_name
-cd /<foldername>
- use absolute paths, which start from the root folder/
5. pwd
command
- prints current folder path.
6. rmdir
command
- delete empty folders using this command
- Syntax:
rmdir <folder_name>
rm -rf <folder>
: To delete folders with files in them
β NOTE: this command does not ask for the confirmation from the user and immediately remove that you ask it to remove.
7. touch
command
- to create an empty file
- Syntax:
touch <file_name>
- If the file already exists, it opens th file in write mode.
8. mv
command
- to move the file and also to rename the file
mv <from_folder/file> <to_folder/file>
mv <file1> <file2> <tofolder>
- to move more than one file, make a list of file and move to folder.
9. cp
command
- to copy a file
10. open
command
- to open a file using this command
- Syntax:
open <filename>
11. find
command
- used to find files or folders matching a particular search pattern. It searches recursively.
file . -name <file_name>
- to find the file with its name.- Example: to find all the files in current directory with extension
.png
and also print the relative path.- Syntax:
find . -name '*.png'
12. gzip
command
-
to compress a file with extension
.gz
-
Syntax:
gzip <file_name>
: using this the original file will be deleted.gzip -c <file_name> > <filename.gz>
: using-c
option specifies that the output will go to the standard output stream without affecting original file.
or can use -k option
gzip -k <file_name>
gzip <file1> <file2>
: to zip mutiple files- π‘
gzip -r <folder_name>
: to compress a folder recursively - π’
gzip -d <file_name.gz>
: to decompress a file
13. gunzip
command
- equivalent to
gzip
command, but-d
option is enabled by default. - Syntax:
gunzip [option] [archive name/file name]
14. alias
command
- to create your command for your convenience.
- Example:
alias ll = 'ls -al'
: usell
in place ofls -al
command
alias
: (with no option) to list all alias defines
15. cat
command
- SUPER POWERFUL command
cat <file_name>
: prints a file contentcat <file1> <file2>
: to print multiple file contentcat <file1> <file2> > file3
: to concatenate the content of multiple files into a new one.cat <file1> <file2> >> <file3>
: to append content of multiple files into new one.cat <file_name> | <another_command>
: to feed a file's content as input to another command.cat -s <file_name>
to remove multiple empty lines.
16. less
command
- to watch the file content in an interactive UI
less <filename>
17. head
and tail
command
head
to print first 10 lines of the file.tail
to print last 10 lines of the file.
18. wc
command
- helps in counting the lines, words, and characters in a file. Mostly, it is used with pipes
|
for counting operation. - It will display the number of lines, words, and bytes from the file.
- Syntax:
wc [option]... [file]...
19. grep
command
grep command filters the content of a file which makes search easy. grep stands for global regular expression print.
- helpful in day-to-day coding
- Syntax:
command | grep <searchWord>
: with pipes (case sensitive by default)grep <search_Word> <file_name>
: without pipesgrep -v <search_Word> <file_name>
: to search for non-matching searched word.grep -i <searchWord> <filename>
: to filter output in a case-insensitive way.
20. sort
command
- used to sort the list items
sort <file_name>
: by default case sensitive and alphabetic.sort -r <file_name>
: reverse order sort.sort --ignore-case <file_name>
: to sort case insensitive, use-n
to sort numerically.sort -u <file_name>
: to remove duplicated.- Example :
ls | sort
: used with list command.
21. chmod
command
- chmod is used to make a file executable and to change the permissions granted to it in Linux
chmod +x <file_name>
: make a file executable.chmod <permission> <file_name>
: a set of flags associated with each file determines who can access that file, and how they can access it.- Example :
chmod 755 main.py | chmod +x main.py
: used to make the filemain.py
executable.
22. locate
command
- used to locate a file in a Linux system, just like the search command in Windows.
- useful when you don't know where a file is saved or the actual name of the file.
locate -i hello
: -i argument with the command helps to ignore the case, will also fetch files with Hello or HELLO or heLLo etc.locate -i *hello*world*
: * helps you to find the files if you remember only some words of the filename, separate them with *, for ex here linux will find any filename with the words "hello" and "world" in them.
23. clear
command
- used to clear the terminal screen
- useful when you want to declutter your terminal window
- Syntax:
clear
- Keyboard shortcut:
Ctrl + L
24. echo
command
- used to input text and display it on standard output
- used to print files of a specific kind :
echo *.svg
or simplyecho *
to list out the files in the current directory - Syntax:
echo <option(s)> <string(s)>
-
π‘ NOTE: The β-eβ option in Linux acts as an interpretation of escaped characters that are backslashed.
- Example:
echo -e "\vMr. \vStark \vI \vdon't \vfeel \vso \vgood."
: \v creates vertical tab spaces.
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