The alpaka library is a header-only C++14 abstraction library for accelerator development.
Its aim is to provide performance portability across accelerators through the abstraction (not hiding!) of the underlying levels of parallelism.
It is platform independent and supports the concurrent and cooperative use of multiple devices such as the hosts CPU as well as attached accelerators as for instance CUDA GPUs and Xeon Phis (currently native execution only). A multitude of accelerator back-end variants using CUDA, OpenMP (2.0/4.0), Boost.Fiber, std::thread and also serial execution is provided and can be selected depending on the device. Only one implementation of the user kernel is required by representing them as function objects with a special interface. There is no need to write special CUDA, OpenMP or custom threading code. Accelerator back-ends can be mixed within a device queue. The decision which accelerator back-end executes which kernel can be made at runtime.
The abstraction used is very similar to the CUDA grid-blocks-threads division strategy. Algorithms that should be parallelized have to be divided into a multi-dimensional grid consisting of small uniform work items. These functions are called kernels and are executed in parallel threads. The threads in the grid are organized in blocks. All threads in a block are executed in parallel and can interact via fast shared memory. Blocks are executed independently and can not interact in any way. The block execution order is unspecified and depends on the accelerator in use. By using this abstraction the execution can be optimally adapted to the available hardware.
alpaka is licensed under MPL-2.0.
The alpaka documentation can be found in the online manual.
The documentation files in .rst
(reStructuredText) format are located in the docs
subfolder of this repository.
The source code documentation is generated with doxygen.
Accelerator Back-end | Lib/API | Devices | Execution strategy grid-blocks | Execution strategy block-threads |
---|---|---|---|---|
Serial | n/a | Host CPU (single core) | sequential | sequential (only 1 thread per block) |
OpenMP 2.0+ blocks | OpenMP 2.0+ | Host CPU (multi core) | parallel (preemptive multitasking) | sequential (only 1 thread per block) |
OpenMP 2.0+ threads | OpenMP 2.0+ | Host CPU (multi core) | sequential | parallel (preemptive multitasking) |
OpenMP 5.0+ | OpenMP 5.0+ | Host CPU (multi core) | parallel (undefined) | parallel (preemptive multitasking) |
GPU | parallel (undefined) | parallel (lock-step within warps) | ||
OpenACC (experimental) | OpenACC 2.0+ | Host CPU (multi core) | parallel (undefined) | parallel (preemptive multitasking) |
GPU | parallel (undefined) | parallel (lock-step within warps) | ||
std::thread | std::thread | Host CPU (multi core) | sequential | parallel (preemptive multitasking) |
Boost.Fiber | boost::fibers::fiber | Host CPU (single core) | sequential | parallel (cooperative multitasking) |
TBB | TBB 2.2+ | Host CPU (multi core) | parallel (preemptive multitasking) | sequential (only 1 thread per block) |
CUDA | CUDA 9.0+ | NVIDIA GPUs | parallel (undefined) | parallel (lock-step within warps) |
HIP(clang) | HIP 4.0+ | AMD GPUs | parallel (undefined) | parallel (lock-step within warps) |
This library uses C++14 (or newer when available).
Accelerator Back-end | gcc 5.5 (Linux) |
gcc 6.4/7.3 (Linux) |
gcc 8.1 (Linux) |
gcc 9.1 (Linux) |
gcc 10.1 (Linux) |
clang 4 (Linux) |
clang 5 (Linux) |
clang 6 (Linux) |
clang 7 (Linux) |
clang 8 (Linux) |
clang 9 (Linux) |
clang 10 (Linux) |
clang 12 (Linux) |
Apple LLVM 11.2.1-12.2.0 (macOS) |
MSVC 2019 (Windows) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serial | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
OpenMP 2.0+ blocks | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
OpenMP 2.0+ threads | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
OpenMP 4.0+ (CPU) | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |
std::thread | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ✅ |
Boost.Fiber | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
TBB | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ | ✅ | ❌ |
CUDA (nvcc) | ✅ (CUDA 9.0-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 9.2-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 10.1-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 11.0-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 11.1-CUDA 11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 9.1-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 10.1-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 10.1-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 10.1-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 10.1-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 11.0-11.2) |
✅ (CUDA 11.2) |
- | ❌ | ✅ (CUDA 10.1-11.2) |
CUDA (clang) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ✅ (CUDA 9.0) |
✅ (CUDA 9.0-9.2) |
✅ (CUDA 9.0-10.0) |
✅ (CUDA 9.2-10.1) |
✅ (CUDA 9.2-10.1) |
- | - | - |
HIP-4.0.1 (clang) | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ | - | - |
Other compilers or combinations marked with ❌ in the table above may work but are not tested in CI and are therefore not explicitly supported.
Boost 1.65.1+ is the only mandatory external dependency. The alpaka library itself just requires header-only libraries. However some of the accelerator back-end implementations require different boost libraries to be built.
When an accelerator back-end using Boost.Fiber is enabled, boost-fiber
and all of its dependencies are required to be built in C++14 mode ./b2 cxxflags="-std=c++14"
.
When Boost.Fiber is enabled and alpaka is built in C++17 mode with clang and libstc++, Boost >= 1.67.0 is required.
When an accelerator back-end using CUDA is enabled, version 9.0 of the CUDA SDK is the minimum requirement.
NOTE: When using nvcc as CUDA compiler, the CUDA accelerator back-end can not be enabled together with the Boost.Fiber accelerator back-end due to bugs in the nvcc compiler.
NOTE: When using clang as a native CUDA compiler, the CUDA accelerator back-end can not be enabled together with the Boost.Fiber accelerator back-end or any OpenMP accelerator back-end because this combination is currently unsupported.
NOTE: Separable compilation is only supported when using nvcc, not with clang as native CUDA compiler. It is disabled by default and can be enabled via the CMake flag ALPAKA_CUDA_NVCC_SEPARABLE_COMPILATION
.
When an accelerator back-end using OpenMP is enabled, the compiler and the platform have to support the corresponding minimum OpenMP version.
When an accelerator back-end using TBB is enabled, the compiler and the platform have to support the corresponding minimum TBB version.
The library is header only so nothing has to be built.
CMake 3.15+ is required to provide the correct defines and include paths.
Just call ALPAKA_ADD_EXECUTABLE
instead of CUDA_ADD_EXECUTABLE
or ADD_EXECUTABLE
and the difficulties of the CUDA nvcc compiler in handling .cu
and .cpp
files are automatically taken care of.
Source files do not need any special file ending.
Examples of how to utilize alpaka within CMake can be found in the example
folder.
The whole alpaka library can be included with: #include <alpaka/alpaka.hpp>
Code that is not intended to be utilized by the user is hidden in the detail
namespace.
Furthermore, for a CUDA-like experience when adopting alpaka we provide the library cupla. It enables a simple and straightforward way of porting existing CUDA applications to alpaka and thus to a variety of accelerators.
For a quick introduction, feel free to playback the recording of our presentation at GTC 2016:
- E. Zenker, R. Widera, G. Juckeland et al., Porting the Plasma Simulation PIConGPU to Heterogeneous Architectures with Alpaka, video link (39 min)
Currently all authors of alpaka are scientists or connected with research. For us to justify the importance and impact of our work, please consider citing us accordingly in your derived work and publications:
% Peer-Reviewed Publication %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% Peer reviewed and accepted publication in
% "2nd International Workshop on Performance Portable
% Programming Models for Accelerators (P^3MA)"
% colocated with the
% "2017 ISC High Performance Conference"
% in Frankfurt, Germany
@inproceedings{MathesP3MA2017,
author = {{Matthes}, A. and {Widera}, R. and {Zenker}, E. and {Worpitz}, B. and
{Huebl}, A. and {Bussmann}, M.},
title = {Tuning and optimization for a variety of many-core architectures without changing a single line of implementation code
using the Alpaka library},
archivePrefix = "arXiv",
eprint = {1706.10086},
keywords = {Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing},
day = {30},
month = {Jun},
year = {2017},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.10086},
}
% Peer-Reviewed Publication %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% Peer reviewed and accepted publication in
% "The Sixth International Workshop on
% Accelerators and Hybrid Exascale Systems (AsHES)"
% at the
% "30th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed
% Processing Symposium" in Chicago, IL, USA
@inproceedings{ZenkerAsHES2016,
author = {Erik Zenker and Benjamin Worpitz and Ren{\'{e}} Widera
and Axel Huebl and Guido Juckeland and
Andreas Kn{\"{u}}pfer and Wolfgang E. Nagel and Michael Bussmann},
title = {Alpaka - An Abstraction Library for Parallel Kernel Acceleration},
archivePrefix = "arXiv",
eprint = {1602.08477},
keywords = {Computer science;CUDA;Mathematical Software;nVidia;OpenMP;Package;
performance portability;Portability;Tesla K20;Tesla K80},
day = {23},
month = {May},
year = {2016},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.08477},
}
% Original Work: Benjamin Worpitz' Master Thesis %%%%%%%%%%
%
@MasterThesis{Worpitz2015,
author = {Benjamin Worpitz},
title = {Investigating performance portability of a highly scalable
particle-in-cell simulation code on various multi-core
architectures},
school = {{Technische Universit{\"{a}}t Dresden}},
month = {Sep},
year = {2015},
type = {Master Thesis},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.49768},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49768}
}
Rules for contributions can be found in CONTRIBUTING.md
- Benjamin Worpitz* (original author)
- Dr. Sergei Bastrakov*
- Simeon Ehrig
- Bernhard Manfred Gruber
- Dr. Axel Huebl*
- Dr. Jeffrey Kelling
- Jakob Krude
- Jan Stephan*
- Rene Widera*
- Dr. Michael Bussmann
- Mat Colgrove
- Valentin Gehrke
- Maximilian Knespel
- Alexander Matthes
- Hauke Mewes
- Phil Nash
- Mutsuo Saito
- Jonas Schenke
- Daniel Vollmer
- Matthias Werner
- Bert Wesarg
- Malte Zacharias
- Erik Zenker