f32c is a retargetable, scalar, pipelined, 32-bit processor core which can execute subsets of either RISC-V or MIPS instruction sets. It is implemented in parametrized VHDL which permits synthesis with different area / speed tradeoffs, and includes a branch predictor, exception handling control block, and optional direct-mapped caches. The RTL code also includes SoC modules such as a multi-port SDRAM and SRAM controllers, video framebuffers with composite (PAL), HDMI, DVI and VGA outputs with simple 2D acceleration for sprites and windows, floating point vector processor, SPI, UART, PCM audio, GPIO, PWM outputs and a timer, as well as glue logic tailored for numerous popular FPGA development boards from various manufacturers.
In synthetic integer benchmarks the core yields 3.3 CoreMark/MHz and 1.46 DMIPS/MHz with code and data stored in on-chip block RAMs. When configured with 16 KB of instruction and 8 KB of data cache, and with code and data stored in external SDRAM, the core yields 3.13 CoreMark/MHz and 1.39 DMIPS/MHz.
A performance-tuned f32c SoC which includes a timer and an UART occupies only 1048 6-input LUTs, while still being able to execute gcc-generated code when synthesized in the most compact configuration which consumes just 697 (649 logic plus 48 memory) LUTs.
Floating point vector processor can be optionally synthesized. Tested on Xilinx Spartan-6 (xc6slx25) and 7-series (xc7a35i, xc7a102t, xc7z010), Altera Cyclone-4 (EP4CE22) and MAX-10 (10M50DAF), Lattice ECP3 (LFE3-150EA) and ECP5 (LFE5UM-85F). On Artix-7 it uses 3148 LUTs, 64K BRAM, 38 DSP multipliers (36 for divider unit) and can provide up to 3 MFLOPs/MHz.
The Fmax depends on core configuration and FPGA silicon, and tops at around 115 MHz for 90 nm FPGAs (such as Xilinx S3E / S3A or Lattice XP2) up to 185 MHz for latest generations of 6-input LUT FPGAs such as Artix-7.
Configurable options include:
C_arch RISC-V or MIPS ISA
C_big_endian bus endianess
C_mult_enable synthesize multipler unit
C_branch_likely support branch delay slot annulling
C_sign_extend support sign extension instructions
C_movn_movz support conditional move instructions
C_ll_sc support atomic read-modify-write constructs
C_branch_prediction synthesize branch predictor
C_bp_global_depth global branch history trace size
C_result_forwarding synthesize result bypasses
C_load_aligner synthesize load aligner
C_full_shifter pipelined instead of iterative shifer
C_icache_size instruction cache size (0 to 64 KB)
C_dcache_size data cache size (0 to 64 KB)
C_debug synthesize single-stepping debug module
Pre-compiled gcc-based toolchains for Windows, OS-X and Linux can be found at the FPGArduino page, together with pre-built demo bitstreams for various Xilinx, Altera and Lattice FPGAs, and with further instructions on how to compile RISC-V / MIPS executables using the Arduino IDE.
All VHDL modules are BSD licensed. The majority of software libraries are borrowed from FreeBSD, while some originate from other projects and may be subject to an MIT-style license.
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