hello-world currently support Windows Server 2016 (10.0.14393.2189) and 1709 (10.0.16299.371). 1803 aka RS4 was released in April. The version number to reference is 10.0.17134.1.
PS C:\Users\cfischer> docker version
Client:
Version: 17.06.2-ee-10
API version: 1.30
Go version: go1.8.7
Git commit: 66261a0
Built: Fri Apr 27 00:42:30 2018
OS/Arch: windows/amd64
Server:
Engine:
Version: 17.06.2-ee-10
API version: 1.30 (minimum version 1.24)
Go version: go1.8.7
Git commit: 66261a0
Built: Fri Apr 27 00:54:58 2018
OS/Arch: windows/amd64
Experimental: false
PS C:\Users\cfischer>
PS C:\Users\cfischer> cmd /c ver
Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.17134.1]
PS C:\Users\cfischer>
PS C:\Users\cfischer> docker run hello-world
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
bce2fbc256ea: Pull complete
83eec61707e8: Pull complete
eaac79658f14: Pull complete
09da50837088: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:f5233545e43561214ca4891fd1157e1c3c563316ed8e237750d59bde73361e77
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
C:\Program Files\Docker\docker.exe: Error response from daemon: container 74958c143d725d0afc2d457469c9303fc98accb9ff6167173a0826cf7092e071 encountered an error during CreateContainer: failure in a Windows system call: The operating system of the container does not match the operating system of the host. (0xc0370101) extra info: {"SystemType":"Container","Name":"74958c143d725d0afc2d457469c9303fc98accb9ff6167173a0826cf7092e071","Owner":"docker","IsDummy":false,"VolumePath":"\\\\?\\Volume{fed9d49d-1b9f-4195-a532-4a08096ef85f}","IgnoreFlushesDuringBoot":true,"LayerFolderPath":"C:\\ProgramData\\docker\\windowsfilter\\74958c143d725d0afc2d457469c9303fc98accb9ff6167173a0826cf7092e071","Layers":[{"ID":"30dde3bb-dfd7-53ac-96f3-a72d0a74d5e6","Path":"C:\\ProgramData\\docker\\windowsfilter\\581d60f1bdd23652eccde984720201a17d24e880fe57030591965a0c50d1816a"},{"ID":"a242d455-1535-5222-b594-f055e0145de0","Path":"C:\\ProgramData\\docker\\windowsfilter\\58cd8bc47436da9a913e63e2f1d0e8882d7d515c165cc556ed3915798d5047ef"},{"ID":"0e0b7890-2f62-5496-8449-b481acdfe937","Path":"C:\\ProgramData\\docker\\windowsfilter\\c6d9b7edd9318d701b880e1c1f2b05473cb2b0b1ebdf46b707ab186b78950605"},{"ID":"78ad4f8e-a3e8-5934-98eb-e7baaeb7b86f","Path":"C:\\ProgramData\\docker\\windowsfilter\\4f1427a6a56a9830796b02ea09dcbe751bf11453f5048af770d86c7866f59e89"}],"HostName":"74958c143d72","MappedDirectories":[],"HvPartition":false,"EndpointList":["bae01aa3-448c-4b28-9860-3f8018bdc303"],"Servicing":false,"AllowUnqualifiedDNSQuery":true}.