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Use these docs as a guid to the functionality.
Examples
A. Renaming a table

The following example renames the SalesTerritory table to SalesTerr in the Sales schema.
SQL

USE AdventureWorks2012;
GO
EXEC sp_rename 'Sales.SalesTerritory', 'SalesTerr';
GO

B. Renaming a column

The following example renames the TerritoryID column in the SalesTerritory table to TerrID.
SQL

USE AdventureWorks2012;
GO
EXEC sp_rename 'Sales.SalesTerritory.TerritoryID', 'TerrID', 'COLUMN';
GO

C. Renaming an index

The following example renames the IX_ProductVendor_VendorID index to IX_VendorID.
SQL

USE AdventureWorks2012;
GO
EXEC sp_rename N'Purchasing.ProductVendor.IX_ProductVendor_VendorID', N'IX_VendorID', N'INDEX';
GO

D. Renaming an alias data type

The following example renames the Phone alias data type to Telephone.
SQL

USE AdventureWorks2012;
GO
EXEC sp_rename N'Phone', N'Telephone', N'USERDATATYPE';
GO

E. Renaming constraints

The following examples rename a PRIMARY KEY constraint, a CHECK constraint and a FOREIGN KEY constraint. When renaming a constraint, the schema to which the constraint belongs must be specified.
SQL

USE AdventureWorks2012;
GO
-- Return the current Primary Key, Foreign Key and Check constraints for the Employee table.
SELECT name, SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) AS schema_name, type_desc
FROM sys.objects
WHERE parent_object_id = (OBJECT_ID('HumanResources.Employee'))
AND type IN ('C','F', 'PK');
GO

-- Rename the primary key constraint.
sp_rename 'HumanResources.PK_Employee_BusinessEntityID', 'PK_EmployeeID';
GO

-- Rename a check constraint.
sp_rename 'HumanResources.CK_Employee_BirthDate', 'CK_BirthDate';
GO

-- Rename a foreign key constraint.
sp_rename 'HumanResources.FK_Employee_Person_BusinessEntityID', 'FK_EmployeeID';

-- Return the current Primary Key, Foreign Key and Check constraints for the Employee table.
SELECT name, SCHEMA_NAME(schema_id) AS schema_name, type_desc
FROM sys.objects
WHERE parent_object_id = (OBJECT_ID('HumanResources.Employee'))
AND type IN ('C','F', 'PK');