This Python tutorial for beginners provides a complete overview of Python. Explorer Python features, Python syntax, python applications, python projects. You will also get 270+ free python tutorials to learn Python from scratch. Go from zero to hero with this Python tutorial
Python has quickly become a favorite- it’s being taught in universities, and also being used for everything from scripting and web development to machine learning and data science. But what is Python?
Python is a general-purpose programming language that is interpreted, object-oriented and dynamically-typed. Guido Van Rossum, its BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For Life), named it over the British comedy group Monty Python. The implementation we widely use is CPython (written in C). Python has powerful frameworks and libraries. You can install these libraries with pip, and find them in PyPI (Python Package Index).
Before proceeding ahead it is recommended to refer: 240+ Free tutorials to master Python
There is more than one reason why you should learn this language:
- It is great for both startups as well as big organizations. It is also beginner-friendly.
- Python is open-source and has a large community. It is one of the top 5 in the largest communities on StackOverflow, the most-used language on GitHub, and the largest Meetup communities.
- It has great career opportunities. Python jobs pay well and provide stability.
- Python has many powerful frameworks like Django and Flask for web development. They take care of the trivial tasks and make it easier to develop for the web.
- It is also great for machine learning, data science, and artificial intelligence. It has libraries for tasks involved in these domains.
- You can use Raspberry Pi to create DIYs and other projects like robots, arcade machines, remote-controlled toys, and cameras.
- Python’s readability and ease of use make developers more productive.
Top 7 reasons why you must learn python
Python is a general-purpose language, but is used almost everywhere:
- Web development
- Game development
- Machine Learning
- Data Science
- Artificial Intelligence
- Scripting
- Computer Vision
- Scraping
- Natural Language Processing
- Data analytics
- Scientific and Numeric computing
- Software Application Development
- Desktop GUI
- Network Programming
Python is definitely easy to learn, that is why python is taught to university students- to create interest in programming. You can gain expertise in python with this free python tutorial. Python is:
- Easy to learn- it has a smooth learning curve
- Easy to read- it is easy to read and understand someone else’s code
- Easy to write- Python’s syntax is like English
- Easy to debug- it gives you full tracebacks
Want to learn Python and build a career in it? We have laid down steps to help you:
- Fast-pace your learning and take a lead from crowd with DataFlair's Python Course
- 270+ free tutorials to learn python from scratch
- Code while you learn
- Read books
- Watch videos/ Do an online Python course
- Work with machine learning and other libraries
- Build projects
- Read interview questions
- Contribute to open-source projects
- Python cheat sheet containing 100s of free tutorials, practicals, projects, (everything you need to master python)
These are some books you should read to improve your Python skills:
- Learning Python - Mark Lutz
- Python Cookbook - David Beazley and Brian K. Jones
- Python for Data Analysis - Wes McKinney
- Python Essential Reference - David Beazley
- Python in a Nutshell - Alex Martelli
- Violent Python - TJ O’Connor
- Python Pocket Reference - Mark Lutz Top 10 Python Books for Beginners & Experienced
Let’s first see what Python looks like.
- Functions - Collections of statements grouped under a name. May or may not return a value.
- Classes and Objects - Python is object-oriented. A class is an abstract data type and a blueprint with no values. An object is an instance of a class. Everything in Python is an object.
- Modules - Modules are collections of related classes and functions. You can use code from these instead of writing your own for trivial functionality.
- Packages - They are collections of related modules. You can also create your own packages.
- Lists - These are collections of values in the CSV format. Lists are mutable objects.
- Tuples - These are like lists, but immutable.
- Dictionaries - These are collections of key-value pairs defined using curly braces.
- Sets - They can’t have duplicates, and are mutable.
- Comments and Docstrings - Comments are for the developer, explain code and are declared with a hash (#) sign. Docstrings are documentation strings that explain code. There are no multiline comments.
Let’s discuss some features of Python now.
- Easy to learn/read/write/debug
- Expressive
- Free and Open-Source
- High-level
- Portable
- Interpreted
- Object-oriented
- Extensible
- Embeddable
- Large standard library
- GUI programming
- Dynamically typed
Unique features which make Python most popular programming language on the planet
Let’s talk about the important concepts you should learn in Python.
- Syntax
- Data Structures
- Lists
- Tuples
- Dictionaries
- Sets
- Comprehensions
- Decision Making
- Switch
- Loops
- Functions
- Object-Oriented
- Classes and Objects
- Methods
- Inheritance and types
- Operator overloading
- property class
- Shallow and deep copying
- Modules
- os, pprint, sys, array, itertools
- Counter, defaultdict, OrderedDict, namedtuple
- datetime, calendar
- Packages
- Working with files
- Read/Write
- Copying, Renaming, Zipping
- Iterators
- Decorators
- Assert statements
- Errors and Exceptions
- Exception handling
- XML processing, sending email, networking
- GUI programming in Python
- Python Multithreading and multiprocessing
- Regular Expressions in Python
- Accessing database with Python
- Logging, unit testing
- Virtual Environments
- Serialization
- Libraries
- Frameworks
Python has more than one implementation. We use CPython, others are:
- CPython- Written in C
- Jython- Written in Java
- IronPython- Implemented in C#
- Brython- Browser Python
- RubyPython- Bridge between Python and Ruby interpreters
- PyPY- Implemented in Python
- MicroPython- Runs on a microcontroller
Python files may have one of the following extensions:
- .py
- .pyc
- .pyd
- .pyo
- .pyw
- .pyz
Refer to the links above to learn about variables, operators, and other topics. Here, we will talk about the syntax of Python code.
- Line Structure - Python Programs consist of logical lines. Each line has a NEWLINE token at the end. Blank lines are ignored.
- Multiline statements - There are no semicolons or braces in Python (you can use semicolons if you want, but they are not mandatory)
- Backward slash - To distribute a statement across multiple lines in Python.
- Triple quotes - Put strings in triple quotes to span them across multiple lines.
- Comments - They explain code and are ignored by the interpreter. Declared by hash (#).
- Docstrings - Documentation strings that explain code. Retained at runtime for inspection.
- Indentation - Since there are no curly braces, you need to indent code blocks equally. You can use tabs or spaces, but not a combination of both. PEP8 recommends using 4 spaces.
- Multiple statements in one line - You can use semicolons to separate multiple statements in one line. You can also put an if-statement’s single-line body in one line.
- Quotations - You can delimit strings with single or double quotes, but not both (opening with one and closing with another). If you use single quotes inside the string, use double quotes to delimit. You can escape quotes inside strings with the escape character ().
- Identifiers - These are names of elements, and are case-sensitive. You need to follow some rules when naming identifiers.
- Variables - They hold values. Python follows duck-typing and is dynamically-typed. You don’t need to declare the type of variable, that is determined by the interpreter at runtime.
- String formatters - For this, you can use the % operator, the format() method, or f-strings.
- Python vs Java vs C++ - Curly braces are mandatory in Java and C++, but Python uses whitespace indentation to delimit code. Semicolons are optional in Python, but can cause errors in C++ and Java. Python is dynamically-typed, Java and C++ are statically-typed. Java is faster than Python.
While you learn Python, you will use an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) to run the python code. You can choose one or more of the following. Here, you can write, edit, test and debug code. It has build automation, code linting, testing, and debugging. This speeds up your work.
Pricing: Free IDLE comes with Python. It is lightweight and simple.
Pricing: Freemium Sublime Text 3 is a popular code editor and also supports other languages. It is fast, customizable, and has a large community. It has packages available for debugging, auto-completion, and code linting,etc. for Python, Django, Flask, and scientific development.
Pricing: Free Atom is an editor by GitHub and is open-source. It is customizable and has packages like autocomplete-python, linter-flake8, and python-debugger.
Pricing: Free Thonny is an IDE you can install. It has a very simple UI for beginners, but also has many useful features like syntax error highlighting, debugging, code completion, and step-through expression evaluation.
Pricing: Freemium PyCharm is not for beginners. It is created by JetBrains and has two versions- Community and Professional. It has features like code completion, code inspections, error-highlighting and fixes, debugging, version control system and code refactoring. However, PyCharm is resource-intensive.
Pricing: Free VS Code is a free and open-source IDE by Microsoft. It has features like intelligent code completion, linting for potential errors, debugging and unit testing, and you can add extensions. It is also lightweight.
Pricing: Free The VIM text editor comes preinstalled in MacOS and UNIX, and is available for Windows. It has keyboard shortcuts and is extendible. It also has plugins for syntax highlighting, code completion, debugging, and refactoring.
Pricing: Free This is an open-source IDE and can be installed with Anaconda. It has features like autocompletion, debugging, and iPython shell.
Pricing: Free This is an online compiler- you don't need to install Python and set up an environment with this. It also has support for other languages.
Pricing: Free JupyterLab is the next-gen UI for Project Jupyter. It has all the building blocks of the Jupyter Notebook, like notebooks, terminal, text editor, file browser, and rich output. The UI is flexible.
Pricing: Free PyDev is a Python IDE for Eclipse. Using the PyDev plugin with Eclipse, we can develop for Python.
Python is an easy language to learn and has a smooth learning curve. Learning the basics will not take much time, you can learn python basics with this python tutorial. You will need to practice as you learn. The more you practice, the better you are at it. You will need to build projects as well. Once you have followed the steps mentioned above, you can say you know Python. So how long it will take depends on you.
Python has over 198,495 projects in the PyPI. Which of those packages (and the built-in ones) should you learn? Here are a few names:
- scipy
- numpy
- matplotlib
- urllib
- requests
- smtplib
- os
- shutil
- tkinter
- PyQt
- threading
- subprocess
- PyMySQL
- unittest
- pickle
- logging
- virtualenv
- pandas
- scikit-learn
- datetime, calendar, time
- collections
- array
- itertools
Building a python project will strengthen your basics and help you figure out what you don’t know.
- Start with some basic projects like Hangman and Tic-Tac-Toe. Build an alarm clock. This can be console-based.
- Move on to intermediate projects like a todo-list with Django. Use frameworks and build GUIs too.
- Now, it’s time to work on some advanced Python projects like:
You can also build a project to solve a real problem you face or faced earlier.
There is no official certified exam for Python. DataFlair offers an excellent certification program for Python. This has more than 20 hours of video-based sessions, tons of practicals, and 5 exciting projects to build- with complete source code!
You are now ready to answer crack Python interview at any level- beginner, intermediate, or advanced. You can also do this after any of the previous steps. Refer to these questions- these are questions of all difficulties- beginner, intermediate, and advanced. They also have some open-ended questions.
- Top 150+ Interview Questions for Freshers
- Python Interview Questions for Intermediate
- Python Interview Questions - Advanced
Python is the second-most loved language and the most-wanted language according to the StackOverflow Developer Survey for 2019. It seems to have a good future with stable jobs. Also, the jobs pay well. Here are the profiles you can go for if you learn Python:
- Software Engineer
- Senior Software Engineer
- DevOps Engineer
- Data Scientist
- Senior Data Scientist
And here are the salaries:
- Software Engineer - $103,035 /year
- Senior Software Engineer - $129,328 /year
- DevOps Engineer - $115,666 /year
- Data Scientist - $117,345 /year
- Senior Data Scientist - $136,633 /year
Python is at #3 on the TIOBE Index for September 2019. Job boards like Naukri and Indeed post more than 16000 to 24000 jobs for Python. Right now, there is a high demand, but low supply. This is a great opportunity for you. There is a large number of jobs per Python programmer.
One reason why Python is so popular is its libraries. We have many libraries geared toward data science and machine learning. These have tools and functions/methods for trivial tasks so we don’t have to implement everything from scratch. You should learn to work with the following libraries:
- scikit-learn
- scipy
- numpy
- pandas
- xgboost
- keras
- tensorflow
- matplotlib
- seaborn
- theano
- mlpy
- NetworkX
- SymPy
- Dask
- Dmelt
- PyBrain
What Next
- Learn Python for Machine Learning
- Learn Python for Data Science
- Learn Python for Artificial Intelligence
Many giant companies use Python for their products and services. Some of these are:
- Google - Python as a major programming language
- Facebook - For production engineering
- NASA Workflow Automation Tool - Written in Python
- Nokia - Platforms like S60
- IBM - Factor tool control applications
- Walt Disney Feature Animation - Scripting language for animation
- Yahoo! Maps services - Written in Python
- Disqus - Commenting forum built with Django
- Dropbox stack - Written in Python
- Quora - Social website written in Python
- Instagram - Built with Django
- YouTube - Scripted Python for website
- Bit Torrent - Originally written in Python
- Other companies like Uber, MIT, Hike, Pandora, Spotify, Udemy, Netflix, PayPal, Reddit, Pinterest, and Glassdoor use it too
Netflix uses Python for data analysis and its backend services. It is how it recommends new titles. Netflix also uses Python to build custom extensions to the Jupyter server. This can be used to manage tasks like logging, archiving, publishing and cloning notebooks. Netflix uses the statistical and numerical libraries like numpy, scipy, tuptures, and pandas. It also uses Python for automation, data exploration, and visualization. It implements demand engineering, insight engineering, Open Connect Network, Information Security, an ML infrastructure, Notebooks, a Partner Ecosystem, and Animation and NVFX.
Like Netflix, Spotify uses Python for data analysis and backend services. It uses ZeroMQ for backend communication- this is an open networking framework written in Python and C++. Python allows fast development. Also, Spotify uses it for data analytics to create suggestions and recommendations. It also uses Luigi for synchronization with Hadoop. This lets it create "Radio and Discovery".
Quora is a social networking platform with questions and answers. They considered many languages before choosing Python because it has no type checking, and is slow. They rejected C# because the Microsoft Language is proprietary. Java has strict syntax, so it was rejected. So, like Google, Quora chose Python for its ease of writing and readability. They solved the problem of type checking by writing unit tests. They also liked the frameworks for Python- Django and Pylons. It was also easier to club Python and JS for handling user interactions.
Facebook extensively uses Python. The libraries and frameworks reduce the code-load and focus on improvements. Facebook used Python for multiple services in infrastructure management, and made it scale-efficient. It also published Py3 written projects, including Facebook Ads API and a Python async IRC bot framework.
Google has been using Python since the beginning. They decided to implement Python for ease of maintenance and faster delivery than C++. They also recoded some Perl or Bash scripts into Python. Python is the official Google server-side language at Google. Peter Norvig, and American computer scientist, said "Python has been an important part of Google since the beginning and remains so as the system grows and evolves. Today, dozens of Google engineers use Python, and we're looking for more people with skills in this language."
This was the A-Z of Python. In this python tutorial we tried to cover complete overview of Python you could want to know. We discussed Python, its syntax, why and how to learn python, a short tutorials, some libraries, python projects, python interview questions, its future, Python for Machine Learning, companies and some case studies.
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