cfadmin-cn / cfadmin

A lua web network framework.

English | 简体中文

Efficient asynchronous comes from design, excellent performance practice truth.

Advantage

• Asynchronous I/O - The Network I/O and File I/O have been transformed, and the internal operations are now fully asynchronous.

• Rich built-in libraries - Many complete built-in libraries are implemented to complete the development and coverage of all aspects of basic applications.

• Automated scheduling - The bottom layer will automatically schedule coroutines, timers and I/O, and you can also choose to control it manually.

• Security and Encryption - Provides nearly 60 kinds of hash/digest/hash/signature algorithms, and internally supports SSL Server/Client.

• Data Exchange Format - Do you need JSON / PROTOBUF / XML / MSGPACK / BSON ? Great, they are all provided!

• Multi-database driver - MySQL / PGSQL / MSSQL / MongoDB are all available, you can also use it as you like.

• Enforcement and standardization -The framework forces you to write code, and you can also pass it on to your close friends.

Website

• Home(Only Chinese.)

• Wiki(Only Chinese.)

Build And Run

Preview

More picture

Feedback

• ISSUES

• QQ Group

List of contributors

• suzaichuan - Test and Problem Feedback.

• Nuctori - Feature Contribution.

Users

Project Name	Project Logo
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爆款捕手

License

BSD LICENSE

cfadmin's Issues

目录结构有问题

hi
较之前的处理 require 需要携带script 而言，现在方式存在重名加载的问题。主要开发都在script目录，需要约束知道lualib 有哪些库。之前不存在这个问题，更为合理。比如增加 mail.lua，路由配置require（“mail”）；http 返回405 错误的。

BR

请教个路由的问题

1. 同一个程序，连续listen 两个端口？怎么区分分别是哪个的路由？ 注册路由无法分开，尤其是使用了admin的
   如果new 两个httpd ，分别启用，路由注册是否每个独立呢？ 两个httpd 要分别run 还是一次就可以？
   2 . before 文档上描述是路由之前执行的，发现是路由了后才执行。没有注册路由永远执行不到。 有没方法实现真正的路由之前执行的呢？或统一的路由 比如 / 匹配所有。

文件上传只能小文件

文件上传10M 文件 就不能上传了，负载等于1024*1024 也是不行的。

how to handle image cache ?

Hi, CandyMi
what is the default way that handle image cache in core framework, the png number over 10 will cause so slow to replay, if use the thirty cache, how to integrate ?

一个gcc编译的问题。

core.c:204:2: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
core.c:204:2: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
core.c:204:2: warning: dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules [-Wstrict-aliasing]
/usr/bin/ld: /usr/local/lib/liblua.a(lstate.o): relocation R_X86_64_PC32 against symbol `lua_newstate' can not be used when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC
/usr/bin/ld: 最后的链结失败: 错误的值
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Makefile:32: recipe for target 'build' failed
make: *** [build] Error 1

不知道如何解决呢

关于多库，分权分域的问题

很多管理系统，数据需要隔离，有了个账套的概念。
比如 AB 两个应用，分别需要管理员admin@A admin@B；如果用admin的鉴权 ，登录后下一次访问无法知道是哪个库的。
cookie加字段是可以的，这样每次处理是根据cookie 找数据库。 如果浏览器禁用cookie 怎么办？
是否有更好的方法实现？

最新代码启动问题

hi，
主干上最新的代码启动 不能兼容之前的参数，-d需要创建logs 目录才支持-d参数，会大量的打印。 和之前提到localhost一样不能兼容。

浏览器适配问题

1. cookie 中缺少 max-age；expire 是服务器时间，无法保证服务器时间正确性。而且服务器时间时区字符串DST GMT的问题。
   总之 加max-age 解决大部分问题。之前的问题close了 不知如何reopen，重新提了。
   这个问题 个人觉得很重要，在gitee 上也提了，初始生产设备，时间需要页面配置，页面cookie不对，无法登陆，一个死循环的诞生。
2. tcp listen ip地址无论设置什么都不变，只有端口生效。
3. 如何设置响应header，或改变header 内容？ 尤其cookie 上增加字段？

发现一个稳定性的随机问题

hi
设备一直运行，大约30台，发现有1-2台设备页面连不上，查询进程死掉了。
查看日志，没报错误，具体原因尚不明确。 手动拉起来，跟踪，发现有的啥也不操作也会退出进程。
由于随机性的，很难确定，也很难发现，但由于设备多，出现了几次，才确认有这个问题。

 估计短期无法定位，暂时外部加了watchdog，定时扫描程序健康检查。不由得想起之前提的问题，popen 信号屏蔽及多进程的，建议一个方案：
  可选启动管理进程，管理进程做watchdog，根据参数 检查健康，检查网络，检查dns；负责执行popen，system 命令。
  子进程处理http 消息，如果后台执行系统命令 提供执行系统命令接口【发送消息给管理进程去执行（如果没有管理进程，保持原样）】；
   这样 所有问题基本都解决了，而且起到意外或其他情况导致程序挂掉，迅速拉起来。

BR

httpc client

Hi, CandyMi
the Httpc can not fetch from many web support User-Agent check, or Accept-Encoding compress
"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_0) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11\r\n"
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate

http file upload example

Hi,
where can i find example about file upload for the cf framework

         thanks

后台操作耗时，如何同步？

hi
之前提到过的一个老问题，popen 阻塞时，导致整个程序都阻住了，其他访问都不能进行，直到popen执行结束才能恢复。
下面为测试代码，如果将fork 里执行换掉popen直接用cf.sleep 就可以。这是什么原因，对于执行时间过久的 怎么才能让出线程，让其他访问继续呢？

app:use('/get',function(ctx, db)
        local res
          local co=cf.self()
        cf.fork(function()
                      local secondfile = io.popen([[sleep 10;echo "1234"]])
                      res = secondfile:read("*a")
                      secondfile:close()
                      cf.wakeup(co,res)
        end)
        cf.wait()
        print("res",res)
        return res
end)

About sendfile Support

考虑到Lua层面的file:read -> sock:send对大文件的发送会影响Lua虚拟机内存浮动的问题.

之前的httpd库内部static相关资源为一次性读取完毕后组合发送HTTP头部与HTTP实体.

现在改为先使用sock:send发送头部, 后使用sendfile实现zero-copy发送策略.

目前在dev分支已经修改完毕, 有兴趣的小伙伴可以帮忙测试!

Content-Type 最好能修改

hi
简而言之，Content-Type 应该提供接口修改。
因为：
1） rest 打开全部放过后（/{string[]:slist}），static就不会再生效了，需要自己去读取文件，读出内容返回 类型不能正确。
2） 即使不用rest，需要读取的文件，可能httpc 或mq 等方式读取，必须不能进入static处理，这时类型也不能保证正确。
为了实现这个目的，尝试了一种办法，也就是上一个问题——起两个实例的问题。既然不能使用两个实例，只能启用两个进程来处理，A B进程，A 收到请求，获取到数据，写文件到静态路径下，回响应给浏览器redirect（B），浏览器发起B请求，从静态文件下获取。 确实可以实现，但很麻烦，如果浏览器稍微严格一点，不同端口算跨域也就不行了。最好方法是可以修改Content-Type。
当然如果能 解决精确匹配路由和模糊匹配路由及staic的优先级，重定向也是一种办法。

经由cfadmin 后台启动的脚本 或程序 信号量被屏蔽了

hi
后台调用脚本启动程序 无法kill 经定位发现屏蔽了信号量。
之前代码 是ok的。
BR

support https

hi,
how to config https support ?

     nice 

Spider framework

hi,
I want to make a spider use cf like follow code, it can work well both https/http protocol

local hc = http:new {}
local code, body = hc:get(Url)
print(code, body)

the problem is how to support multi thread ?

访问错误，出现不能继续正常工作的情况。

hi
测试过程中发现几个问题：

1. 如果处理过程等待结果时，其他的都会被阻住。
2. 如果访问url 导致错误，后续都不再正常了。
3. 模板读取采用读写打开，只读系统无法工作。
4. post 的url 参数没有解析。
5. lua 编译不完全。popen 无法使用。

Complex template support

Hi,CandyMi
html template support embed html like follow
{(static/Name.html)}
but can not support Name from lua script
{(static/{*Name*}.html)}

安全机制控制问题

hi
经过使用，发现对客户端信息缺失地址和端口。建议默认提供接口查询本次消息，谁发来的；或者加入消息中。
使用场景：
1. 安全机制，非法访问的来源，加入黑名单
2. 物联网，根据客户端ip 端口，映射设备身份，不需要额外增加应用层消息。

firefox 认证不正确

使用admin 登录；chrome下没任何问题；
换成firefox，登录成功后又返回登录界面，死循环。
抓包看了一下，firefox在登录成功后的admin/dashbord 请求中cookie 只有CFLANG，没有CFTOKEN
换了几个firefox版本均是如此。

是否有性能参考比较的数据呢

类似muduo和其他几个开源库的比较

自己编译和docker都不能正常运行

ubutun 18

1. 文档说依赖libev 和lua 5.3 不够全面。必须依赖mysql，没有mysql 不能运行。
   是否可以考虑多数据库支持？luasql 这样的。
   2 .git 下载后编译，编译有错误：
   1）. lua 不能正确连接 math库
   2）. 路径一定在usr /local.. 下找，非root用户有些麻烦，交叉编译不行。
   3）. 没安装打包。

2. 运行时总是连接mysql 出问题。几分钟就近1G日志。手动连接mysql，都没有问题。

3. 更换docker
   运行：docker-compose -f docker-compose-with-cfadmin.yaml up
   出现两种错误：
   1） mysql 冲突，这个停掉主机mysql 可以暂时解决
   2） 同样一直连接mysql。 日志如下：

root@testu:/mnt/work/core_framework/docker# docker-compose -f docker-compose-with-cfadmin.yaml up
Starting docker_WebDB_1 ...
Starting docker_WebDB_1 ... done
Starting docker_WebApp_1 ...
Starting docker_WebApp_1 ... done
Attaching to docker_WebDB_1, docker_WebApp_1
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:53+00:00 [Note] [Entrypoint]: Entrypoint script for MySQL Server 5.6.49-1debian9 started.
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:54+00:00 [Note] [Entrypoint]: Switching to dedicated user 'mysql'
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:54+00:00 [Note] [Entrypoint]: Entrypoint script for MySQL Server 5.6.49-1debian9 started.
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:55 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 0 [Note] mysqld (mysqld 5.6.49) starting as process 1 ...
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Using atomics to ref count buffer pool pages
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Memory barrier is not used
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.11
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: The log sequence numbers 1625987 and 1625987 in ibdata files do not match the log sequence number 1625997 in the ib_logfiles!
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files...
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [ERROR] InnoDB: space header page consists of zero bytes in tablespace ./cfadmin/cfadmin_headers.ibd (table cfadmin/cfadmin_headers)
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size:1024 Pages to analyze:64
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size: 1024, Possible space_id count:0
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size:2048 Pages to analyze:32
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size: 2048, Possible space_id count:0
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size:4096 Pages to analyze:16
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size: 4096, Possible space_id count:0
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size:8192 Pages to analyze:8
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size: 8192, Possible space_id count:0
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size:16384 Pages to analyze:4
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 1 [Note] InnoDB: Page size: 16384, Possible space_id count:0
WebDB_1 | 2020-07-15 06:06:56 7fdd85f79040 InnoDB: Operating system error number 2 in a file operation.
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: The error means the system cannot find the path specified.
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: If you are installing InnoDB, remember that you must create
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: directories yourself, InnoDB does not create them.
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: Error: could not open single-table tablespace file ./cfadmin/cfadmin_headers.ibd
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: We do not continue the crash recovery, because the table may become
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: corrupt if we cannot apply the log records in the InnoDB log to it.
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: To fix the problem and start mysqld:
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: 1) If there is a permission problem in the file and mysqld cannot
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: open the file, you should modify the permissions.
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: 2) If the table is not needed, or you can restore it from a backup,
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: then you can remove the .ibd file, and InnoDB will do a normal
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: crash recovery and ignore that table.
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: 3) If the file system or the disk is broken, and you cannot remove
WebDB_1 | InnoDB: the .ibd file, you can set innodb_force_recovery > 0 in my.cnf

大哥，AES_256_GCM加密可以用吗

`# -- coding=utf8 --
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
import hashlib,,cryptography.exceptions
import base64

def decrypt(key,nonce, ciphertext, associated_data):
print(key,nonce, ciphertext, associated_data)
key_bytes = str.encode(key)
nonce_bytes = str.encode(nonce)
ad_bytes = str.encode(associated_data)
data = base64.b64decode(ciphertext)
aesgcm = AESGCM(key_bytes)
ret_str = aesgcm.decrypt(nonce_bytes, data, ad_bytes)
print(ret_str)

def encrypt(key,nonce, ciphertext, associated_data):
print(key,nonce, ciphertext, associated_data)
key_bytes = str.encode(key)
nonce_bytes = str.encode(nonce)
ad_bytes = str.encode(associated_data)
aesgcm = AESGCM(key_bytes)
ret_str = aesgcm.encrypt(nonce_bytes, ciphertext, ad_bytes)
print(base64.b64encode(ret_str))#加密后未将ad_bytes拼接，有些加密函数会拼接起来

if name == 'main':
if sys.argv[1]=="en":
encrypt(sys.argv[2],sys.argv[3],sys.argv[4],sys.argv[5])
elif sys.argv[1]=="de":
decrypt(sys.argv[2],sys.argv[3],sys.argv[4],sys.argv[5])
`
这是python加解密的代码
这是数据

明文
THIS_IS_SUCCESS_DATA

key
jysng121054180907654321741852963

随机字符串
qKJB3l8rkNEF

aad(附加数据包)
test_aad

加密
python aead_aes_256_gcm.py en jysng121054180907654321741852963 qKJB3l8rkNEF THIS_IS_SUCCESS_DATA test_aad

解密
python aead_aes_256_gcm.py de jysng121054180907654321741852963 qKJB3l8rkNEF PD4m3fac6rXLqEspUpR9Sv/3S+F/4e/fHWssMz8SY9EIJ6Mo test_aad

可以用你的库么...

Url path should be decode before ROUTE_FIND

if my url is image has special character, the image in static path will load fail

lualib/protocol/http.lua
PATH = UrlDecode(PATH)
local cls, typ = ROUTE_FIND(METHOD, PATH)

为什么不基于libuv呢, 这样还能把windows也支持了

何况libuv有node.js这样的流行的框架在用, 性能和稳定性更有保障.

sudo docker-compose -f docker-compose-with-cfadmin.yaml up 运行失败

sudo docker-compose -f docker-compose-with-cfadmin.yaml up
Removing docker_WebDB_1
Recreating 83fbed6029b8_docker_WebDB_1 ...

ERROR: for 83fbed6029b8_docker_WebDB_1 a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

ERROR: for WebDB a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/docker/api/client.py", line 261, in _raise_for_status
response.raise_for_status()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/models.py", line 940, in raise_for_status
raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 500 Server Error: Internal Server Error for url: http+docker://localhost/v1.22/containers/cdc1bfccb594fce8c8fae0d578a88a54fb3aba2b477bc84e56f8fcb2c37e81a8/start

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/service.py", line 625, in start_container
container.start()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/container.py", line 241, in start
return self.client.start(self.id, **options)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/docker/utils/decorators.py", line 19, in wrapped
return f(self, resource_id, *args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/docker/api/container.py", line 1095, in start
self._raise_for_status(res)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/docker/api/client.py", line 263, in _raise_for_status
raise create_api_error_from_http_exception(e)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/docker/errors.py", line 31, in create_api_error_from_http_exception
raise cls(e, response=response, explanation=explanation)
docker.errors.APIError: 500 Server Error: Internal Server Error ("b'driver failed programming external connectivity on endpoint docker_WebDB_1 (6c74d89f66aabbe75f58589e459f17ced5c13ea5b049b631340d4c12cf021a36): Error starting userland proxy: listen tcp 0.0.0.0:3306: bind: address already in use'")

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/bin/docker-compose", line 11, in
load_entry_point('docker-compose==1.25.0', 'console_scripts', 'docker-compose')()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/cli/main.py", line 72, in main
command()
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/cli/main.py", line 128, in perform_command
handler(command, command_options)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/cli/main.py", line 1107, in up
to_attach = up(False)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/cli/main.py", line 1088, in up
return self.project.up(
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/project.py", line 565, in up
results, errors = parallel.parallel_execute(
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/parallel.py", line 112, in parallel_execute
raise error_to_reraise
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/parallel.py", line 210, in producer
result = func(obj)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/project.py", line 548, in do
return service.execute_convergence_plan(
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/service.py", line 561, in execute_convergence_plan
return self._execute_convergence_recreate(
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/service.py", line 486, in _execute_convergence_recreate
containers, errors = parallel_execute(
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/parallel.py", line 112, in parallel_execute
raise error_to_reraise
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/parallel.py", line 210, in producer
result = func(obj)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/service.py", line 481, in recreate
return self.recreate_container(
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/service.py", line 602, in recreate_container
self.start_container(new_container)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/compose/service.py", line 627, in start_container
if "driver failed programming external connectivity" in ex.explanation:
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
第一次发现这个 但是运行不了 不知道那里的问题 希望大神提点一下 谢谢啦

能否把libev 整合到代码里面去呢

升级后mysql连接错误

hi
去年的版本，使用正常，从github上下载，重新编译安装后，发现mysql连接不上，回退正常。再次安装还是不行。
后来修改main.lua mysql 连接localhost为127.0.0.1 ok。
最新代码应该有调整dns相关的处理，导致不能兼容。

域名访问 出现问题

1. curl 访问发现的问题
   测试时
   curl 192.168.0.111/admin/a 是ok的
   curl www.example.com/admin/a -x192.168.0.111:80 是不行的
   curl 192.168.0.111/admin/a -x192.168.0.111:80 是不行的
   等等，用了代理都不行 都是404
2. 访问 admin/a 不返回，下次无法访问的问题，还没解决。

ubuntu build error

@ubuntu:~/cdcore/core_framework$ make rebuild
********** Core library and executable **********
CC - libcore
CC - cfadmin
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to sinh' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to log2'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to atan2' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to tanh'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to cosh' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to fmod'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to acos' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to sin'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to asin' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to exp'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to tan' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to cos'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to log' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to pow'
/usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to log10' /usr/bin/ld: ./libcore.so: undefined reference to sqrt'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[1]: *** [Makefile:36：build] 错误 1
make: *** [Makefile:24：rebuild] 错误 2

请求大神 编译错误。

有文件上传的例子吗

有文件上传的例子吗

建议httpd增加DELETE和PATCH动词的支持

cfadmin的设计思路中，似乎是推荐使用rpc的风格设计接口。
但是也必然存在需要设计restful风格接口的场景，（比如公司项目规范规定）
我寻思应该增加DELETE和PATCH动词的支持，以支持此类需求