alexis-michaud / na

linguistic data on the Yongning Na language

na

Transcriptions of linguistic data on the Yongning Na language (nɑ˩-ʐwɤ˥, also known as Narua or Mosuo), some scripts, and a Na-Chinese-English-French dictionary. The audio is available from the Pangloss Collection.

New to 2018-2019: materials related to the automatic transcription tool Persephone are placed in a specific folder.

Contributors

Contributions are indicated in the documents' metadata, and as notes inside the XML files.

• The main language consultant is Mrs. Latami Dashilame 拉他咪·达石拉么 (lɑ˧thɑ˧mi˥ ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-lɑ˩mv̩˩).
• Roselle Dobbs designed an orthography for Na (Narua); all orthographic transcriptions in the XML documents and in the dictionary are hers. She also produced English translations of several texts.

The impetus for moving into GitHub came from computer science colleagues: Céline Buret, Benjamin Galliot, Séverine Guillaume at CNRS.

A motivation for having the Na data in a public repository was to allow full reproducibility of work done by Oliver Adams creating an automatic phonemic transcription tool for Yongning Na. The tool is available here and a description is available as: Evaluating Phonemic Transcription of Low-Resource Tonal Languages for Language Documentation.

@inproceedings{adams18evaluating,
title = {Evaluating phonemic transcription of low-resource tonal languages for language documentation},
author = {Adams, Oliver and Cohn, Trevor and Neubig, Graham and Cruz, Hilaria and Bird, Steven and Michaud, Alexis},
booktitle = {Proceedings of LREC 2018},
year = {2018}
}

na's Issues

Remove a q please

\lx hṽ̩˥
\sf <nb="B"> 100
\sf <nb="2011"> 150
\or hunq
\ge body_hair

Please amend to:
\or hun,
i.e. remove the "q". Thanks!

Dead people

\lx tso˧qwɤ˧
\or zoghua
\ps n
\sd <langue="fra"> maison
\sd <langue="eng"> house

\de Sleeping corner: a part of the main room where there is bedding; some people can sit there during meals or family reunions. Newborn babies sleep there. After a decease, corpses are placed on that bed.

Please change to: After a bereavement, the corpse is placed on this bed.

césure pour l'orthographe du na : suivre les règles du Pinyin chinois ? // [Orthographic version of dictionary] hyphenation of romanized Na (Narua)

Traduction française d'un ticket de 2018, qui rétrospectivement paraît bcp trop ambitieux :

Actuellement, les mots de l'orthographe na ont une césure qui les rend difficiles à lire : par exemple, bbaezhuae « rênes » est découpé en bbaez- huae. Il se compose de deux syllabes, bbae et zhuae, et la césure serait à placer là : bbae- zhuae.

Il existe une référence stable pour le Na romanisé (Narua) en tant que système d'écriture (voir le guide de l'utilisateur et les notes des développeurs de Roselle Dobbs & Xióng Yàn ici). Il ne semble donc pas déraisonnable de prévoir un développement logiciel minimal pour que ce système d'écriture puisse être déclaré comme tel dans LaTeX et obtenir la césure souhaitée. Il devrait être possible d'adapter un module de césure à partir de celui de la romanisation du mandarin standard (Hanyu Pinyin), avec le principe de base de ne jamais couper une syllabe : la césure ne s'applique qu'aux frontières des syllabes.

---

Currently, words in Na orthography get hyphenated (in the dictionary) in ways that make them hard to read: for instance, bbaezhuae 'reins' is cut into bbaez- huae. It consists of 2 syllables, bbae and zhuae, and should be hyphenated accordingly: bbae- zhuae.

There is a stable reference for Romanized Na (Narua) as a writing system (see the users' guide and developers' notes by Roselle Dobbs & Xióng Yàn here). So it does not seem unreasonable to plan minimal software development so that this writing system can be declared as such in LaTeX and get the desired hyphenation. It should be feasible to adapt a hyphenation module from that of the romanization of Standard Mandarin (Hanyu Pinyin), with the basic principle of never cutting a syllable: only hyphenating at syllable boundaries.

surface form not displayed for entries with sense numbers / forme de surface pas affichée qd il y a des \sn

Example / exemple :

Corresponding source / passage correspondant dans le fichier source :

\lx ʑi˧α
\or xxi
\ps v
\sn 1
\ton Mα
\lc ʑi˧
\de To leak.

[texts] improve transcription for better results training an acoustic model

Looking at the set of texts as a training set for ASR tools, some improvements are required.

• Special symbol for extrametrical spans.
  So far the same bar | has been used as for a regular tone-group boundary. But that is confusing for a learner and probably also for the algorithm: one symbol with 2 meanings. A different symbol needs to be used for when a span of extrametrical syllables begins. Maybe one of these: ⟧ ◊ ⎬
  Thus, instead of:
  (1) | ʂv̩˧ɖv̩˧-ze˩-tsɯ˩ | -mv̩˩ |
  it should be
  (1') | ʂv̩˧ɖv̩˧-ze˩-tsɯ˩ ◊ -mv̩˩ |

The syllables enclosed between a lozenge ◊ and a following tone-group boundary | don't make up a regular tone group and don't obey phonological rules on tone groups (in this instance: if it were a complete tone group, it would get an added final H tone by Rule 7). Examples such as (1) make it problematic to get the phonological rules right.

• Updating phonemic transcription to latest phonemic analysis.
  The contrast between i and ɯ following alveolar fricatives & affricates came late, and it came at a time when the main research objective was tone. So the verification of all the texts to implement the distinction between dʑɯ and dʑi, tɕɯ and tɕi and so on has not been carried out yet. A word such as 'water', /dʑɯ/, is still transcribed as /dʑi/ in many places, causing trouble for data-based learning of the mapping between phonemes & audio signal.

• Emphatic stress.
  A look at tone 'errors' in the output (Jan. 18th, 2018) suggests that emphatic stress can make tone recognition difficult (Wedding3.49). Phonetically, emphatic stress affects the syllable's pronunciation a lot. The logical thing for the linguist to do would be to go through the texts again and try to provide consistent indication of the presence of emphatic stress (by ↑ before the syllable).

Proposed time line: do the verifications little by little in the course of this year (2018), using automatic transcriptions as a tool to point to aspects that need to be encoded with increasing accuracy (& added detail).

Tugho

Hi Alexis,

These three items could have a spelling change in the dictionary:
dɤ˩-tʰv̩˧qo˧ ('way over there'): currently ddeq teegho, change to ddeq tugho
gɤ˩-tʰv̩˧qo˧ ('way up there'): currently ggeq teegho, change to ggeq tugho
tʰv̩˧qo˧ ('there, that place'): currently teegho, change to tugho

Even though each of these has a corresponding teegho form, I think we can include these as alternative spellings. Do you agree?

R

[dictionnaire fr + en] indiquer les emprunts dans le PDF

La feuille de style XSL affiche bien, dans la version chinoise du PDF, l'information selon laquelle tel mot du dictionnaire (vedette) est un emprunt chinois.

En revanche, la feuille de style n'affichait pas encore cette information dans les versions française et anglaise avant 2024.

Exemple : le mot "tomate".

• en MDF: c'est codé comme :
  \bw <langue="cmn"> 西红柿
• en XML, ça donne :
  <Emprunt langue="cmn">西红柿</Emprunt>
• en PDF : il faudrait afficher :
  Tomate. (Emprunt au chinois 西红柿.)
  Tomato. (Loanword: from Chinese 西红柿.)

[Orthographic version of dictionary] Alphabetical order

I would be extremely happy if the dictionary was eventually ordered according to Narua alphabetical order, not according to English/IPA alphabetical order. Just sayin'.

R

Chilli

The dictionary contains references to both "chili pepper" and "chilly pepper". Clearly, "chilly" is incorrect. "Chili" and "chilli" are both acceptable. I prefer the latter, but in any case this needs to be sorted out.

R :-)

Another small spelling tweak

Hi Alexis,

This item:
\lx ‑ho˩
\or ho
\ps suff
\lc ho˩˥

We need to change the orthographic spelling to hoq.

Sorry it's taken me so long to notice this!
R :-)

Spelling tweak

\lx æ̃˩-kʰv̩˧˥
\hm 1
\sf <nb="B"> 769
\sf <nb="2011"> 1164
\or aenq ku
\ge year_of_the_Rooster

Please amend to:
\or aenku

Thanks!

Your opinion on a spelling question

Hi Alexis,

In the orthography, we don't like words being too long, even for compounds. For instance, 'kelp' is "aebbae chaehree" ('goiter medicine'). However, if the meanings of the input words are no longer transparent, we have no choice but to join them together into one word. I've been looking at all the "mushroom" compounds, which are unusually long words in the orthography:

• æ̃˩ʂe˧li˥-mo˩ /æ̃˩ʂe˧li˥mo˩/ aensheilimo

• • æ̃˧tsɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ʈʂɤ˩-mo˩ /æ̃˧tsɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ʈʂɤ˩mo˩/ aenzi keezhe mo
• • dzi˧dzi˧-mo˧˥ /dzi˧dzi˧mo˧˥/ zzeezzeemo

• ə˩ljɤ˩hæ̃˩ʂɯ˥-mo˩ /ə˩ljɤ˩hæ̃˩ʂɯ˥mo˩/ eliahaenshimo

• jɤ˧qʰɑ˧-pɤ˥jɤ˩-mo˩ /jɤ˧qʰɑ˧pɤ˥jɤ˩mo˩/ yekhabeyemo

As you can see, only 'chicken foot mushroom' is written as three separate words. For the sake of consistency, I think we need to either make this one word, or else to at least make "yekhabeye mo" two words. Not sure about the others. Any thoughts? Or maybe I should be discussing this with Siggeema and/or Ms. He. ;-)

Spelling change for an interjection

This item: æ˧-hi˩hi˩
Previously spelled: aexiexie

Having listened to the audio of this text recently, I believe the spelling should be changed to: ehihi. The first morpheme appears to be the same as that of "eyi", as in "eyi keeq". The spelling of the syllable "hi" is a bit of an outlier, but as the word is an interjection, I don't think this is a problem.

This word occurs in the dictionary, and also in the text "Sister's Wedding". (Sorry!)

Words in dictionary with RD for orthography

1. ɖʐwæ˧ʝi˥ 放心 to have confidence zzhuaeq yi OK
2. tɕʰɤ˩ʂɯ˩kɤ˩ 前时刻 in earlier times qiashike? qeshike？[The former spelling signals that it's a borrowing; the latter is more "Na-ified".]
3. te˧˥ 代 CLF - generations dei OK
4. tje˩fæ˧ 电饭（锅） rice cooker diafae OK
5. ʈʂɤ˧fv̩˧ 照顾 to look after zhefu OR zhegu?

I can insert these spellings if/when you give me the go-ahead.

[dictionary] providing definitions in Na (Narua)

Definitions of words could be provided in Narua, in addition to translations into other languages. The definitions would be in IPA and also in orthography.

This constitutes a lot of work, ideally with a native speaker in the leading role.

[orthography] harmonizing: xe::ɕjɤ & xie::ɕi ?

In most cases xe corresponds to ɕjɤ and xie corresponds to ɕi. Should it be harmonized, changing ɕjɤ˩tʰv̩˧˥ to xetu instead of xietu? Or are there dialect considerations here (some dialects where they say ɕi.tʰv̩ for 骂)?

[dictionary] subscript a b c in Na words

In the links and in the Na portions inside the main text, the a b c etc do not appear as subscript.

Spelling - mostly about -q

Hi Alexis,

Could you please add a word final q to the end of ngu ('cry'): nguq. (Lataddi is not rising, so we're using Ama and Siggeema as a bit of a "standard" here....)

Also, I've been through all the current "AM" orthography words. Could you please amend the following:

• ddiwoq (uphill) - delete the q (cos it has more than one syllable - we did toy with the idea of putting a q on the end of disyllabic L tone nouns, but it wasn't necessary)
• faxi 放心 - change to faexi
• hotaq (red sugar) - delete the q. Also, the English gloss should be 'brown sugar'.
• Kumiq （Kunming）- delete the q
• nguq （CL for waists) - delete the q, cos no q on classifiers
• beijie (Beijing) - capital B
• bitaq (white sugar) - delete the q. I would probably spell this one "beita" - am writing a little paragraph in my paper about the spelling of borrowings. ;-)
• ʂɑ˩tʰɑ˧-dze#˥ (another 'red sugar' which should be 'brown sugar') - spelling is shatazzei (not hotaq!)
• shaehae (Shanghai) - capital S
• xxitoq (behind the house) delete the q

All the rest look great!

NB: I could do these edits for you if/when you give me the go-ahead.

Add dialect tags to dictionary entries

Re this item:
jɤ˧wo˧˥
\or ye'uo
\de To regress.
\ge to_regress
\dn 倒退、退步
\gn 倒退

SGM says: 我们说的事le'uo
那个发音是舌头有问题的人发的

dictionnaire (fr + en) : espacement après l'étiquette "(Élicitation)" / A formatting thing in the dictionary: spacing after the mention "(Phonological elicitation)"

Every time the phrase "(Phonological elicitation)" occurs, there is no space between the second parenthesis and the next word, e.g. (Phonological elicitation)æ˩gv̩˩ tʰv̩˩-nɑ˥ - there's no space between ) and æ.

dictionary: check embedding of fonts in PDF

There seems to be a display issue for the PDF of the dictionary produced with lexika.

Normally the fonts get embedded when using XeLaTeX. Is this because the Garamond font used is not TrueType?

Dictionary cf book

Hi Alexis,

This is something for a future edition of your book on tones. Page 478: "There is one single instance of /ɳv̩/: /ɳv̩˥/ ‘to sniff; to get to know (news)’, often used in the negative: /mɤ˧-ɳv̩˥/ ‘[I] don’t know’."

Dictionary:
ɳv̩˥ neu Tone: H ⃝1 To sniff. 闻嗅 Sentir, renifler. ⃝2 To hear, to get to know (good news…). 听到（消息）、风闻

ɳv̩˩˧ neuq Tone: LM Moth; insect that eats into wood, books, clothes etc. 蛀 虫

So, no longer one single instance, but two?

R

A few dictionary updates

kʰo˧ɕi˩, 可惜（汉语借词）: kexi

A few hyphens

Hi Alexis,
For the following items, could you please insert a hyphen in front of the orthographic form, to indicate that these "words" are always written attached to another word:

-mi˩˧ /mi˩˥/ mi Feminine suffix. -mi

-di˩ /di˩˥/ ddi Nominalizer; locative or purposive. -ddi

-hĩ˥ /hĩ˧/ hin Relativizer and nominalizer. -hin

-ɻ˩̍ /ɻ˩̍ ˥/ er Inceptive (inchoative). -er

=ɻ˩̍ /ɻ˩̍ ˥/ er Associative plural. -er

Thanks!

A tiny tweak

ʑi˧˥
to sleep

\xv æ˩ ʑi˧-ze˥
\xe the chicken has gone asleep

Should be: the chicken has gone to sleep

Definition of "keeq" - to put into

kʰɯ˧˥ ₁ keeq
动词
⃝1 To put into (e.g. to put into a bag); to dibble in seeds. 放，装( 如：装进袋里) ，点种，收下Mettre, mettre dans (ex. : mettre de la farine dans une casserole); libérer, lâcher (ex. : un poulet qu’on tenait par les pattes) ; semer en enfonçant les graines ; ranger, remettre à sa place.

I had to look the word "dibble" up in a dictionary. It's a very unusual word, but I now know what it means. However, I don't think you can say "dibble in (s/thing)". Also I'm a bit puzzled as to why you would choose to include this one particular definition, but not the English equivalents of libérer, lâcher (ex. : un poulet qu’on tenait par les pattes); ranger, remettre à sa place. May I suggest you change the \de to:

To put into (e.g. to put into a bag); to plant (seeds into soil); to release, to let go (e.g. a chicken held by its legs); to put (something) away.

Schwa

Alexis, I'm back onto the orthography paper ("At last!", I can hear you say), and of course am often referring to your dictionary. I've been looking at schwa, and a couple of things have come up.

1. In your current analysis, schwa only appears as a syllable on its own. (I like that!) However, there are two places in the dictionary where it still appears in the ACCOMP prefix (transcribed elsewhere as /le/) and needs to be edited, i.e.:

• tɕi˩-hĩ˩ lə˥-mɤ˩-mæ˩! (in mæ˧ ₂)

• ¶ lə-˧wo˧ tʰo˥-tɕo˩ (in wo˧˥)

2. I wonder why you've changed the transcription of the ACCOMP prefix, previously /lə/, to /le/ and not to /lɤ/, as per the NEG prefix /mɤ/. The transcription /le/ suggests the spelling lei. It also mucks up one of my tables, hehe.

More updates

Also:

di˩mæ˩, 往下: ddimae
dze˧-li˥, 甜茶: zzeili
kʰɯ˩tv̩˩ɭɯ˥, 鸡腿, keedulee
ɬo˩kɤ˩-ɬo˥ɲi˩, 肋骨, lhoge lhoni (Note spelling of final syllable)
ʂo˧li˧, 水利, sholi
ʂo˧qo˧-tʰɑ˩, 水果糖, shoghota
ʂɯ˩tse˧˥, 实在, shizei
ʈʰæ˩ŋv̩˩, 裙子腰部, taengu
tsʰo˩mo˩, 男人, como (NB: My understanding of this word is that it means "old(er) man".)

Another one

\lx qʰwɤ˩α
\sf <nb="B"> 1067
\or khua
\ps adj
\lc qʰwɤ˩˥

Please change spelling to khuaq. Thanks!

IPA correct?

tɕʰɤ˩ʂɯ˩kɤ˩
以前、在过去（汉语借词：‘前时刻’）
IPA: /k/ or /kʰ/?

[texts] online display: allow the option of seeing the IPA without non-IPA symbols

The transcription is phonemic, in International Phonetic Alphabet supplemented by a few additional symbols.

For linguists with no knowledge of the language, it would be good to offer the option of seeing the IPA without those additional symbols (vertical bar | for tone-group boundaries, lozenge ◊ preceding extrametrical syllables, F for intonational focalization, upward arrow ↑ for emphatic stress, etc).

This will involve adding another type of transcription. Currently there's already three: <FORM kindOf="phonetic"> for narrow transcription, <FORM kindOf="phonemic"> for phonemic transcription, and <FORM kindOf="phono"> for the 'deep-level' phonology, in addition to <FORM kindOf="ortho"> for the orthography.

Spelling of some family names

These three surnames:
\lx ə˧ɕjo˩
\or Axo

\lx ə˧go˧
\or Aggo

\lx ə˧lɑ˧
\or Ala

Please change the first letter to "E", i.e.
\or Exo
\or Eggo
\or Ela

Thank you!

Understroke on mid tone

W id="F4_TONETUTORIAL_PART1_008"                                              
bv˧̩ɻ˧̍-ʂo˧~ʂo˥

Is v˧̩ meant to be v̩˧? My Na parser fell down on this. This same sentence also has an overstroke on the second mid tone.

Add a q please

‑se˩ /se˩˥/ sei Tone: L Suffix indicating the completion of an action

Please add a "q" to the end of the word: seiq. Thanks!

Another spelling tweak

\lx bɑ˩˥
\or bba
\ps disc.PTCL

Please amend to:
\or bbaq

[dictionnaire] indiquer en bas de page la séquence des caractères API (ordre de tri)

En bas de chaque page. Ca permettra de se repérer plus facilement.
La commande pour un pied de page c'est \rfoot{text} mais il faut gérer la position : il faudrait 2 lignes dans le pied de page, une pour le numéro de page (centré) et une pour la séquence des caractères API.
Pages impaires : indiquer les initiales, et pages paires : indiquer les rimes, si ça tient. Sinon, mettre la 1e partie des initiales sur les pages paires, et la 2e partie sur les pages impaires.

A capitalisation

tʰɑ˧˥ ₂ /tʰɑ˧˥/ taq
To be possible, to be allowed
The Golden Mushroom is not all that poisonous!/ The Golden Mushroom is not really dangerous!

Probably best to remove the capital G and M.

Spelling of "tent"

Hi Alexis.

This word: kv̩˧dʑɯ˧˥ (tent).
Previously spelled gujji, needs to be changed to guxxi please. (It's a dialect thing.)

Thanks!

Back to mushrooms

Sorry, Alexis, the "mushroom morpheme" needs a q on the end when it's written as a single word - my omission. So:
aensheili moq
aenzi keezhe moq
eliahaenshi moq
yekhabeye moq
zzeezzee moq

Also (ones I overlook last week and have discussed with SGM already):
kiqi moq (not kiqimo)
kuapu moq (not kuapumo)

But not change for the disyllables:
khaemo
sheimo
tomo
zhaemo
rimo

麻烦你了！

Spelling tweak

Alexis, could you please edit the following orthographic spelling:

• ɕjɤ˧pʰje˥ (photograph) - change to: xepian ("n" added to end)

Thanks!
R

Inconsistent transcription

Item: ɑ˩pʰo˩, outside
Most example sentences: ɑ˩pʰo˩
However:
ə˧dɑ˥ | ə˩pʰo˩ hɯ˩-ze˥!
ə˩pʰo˩-bv̩˥ | lo˧ ʝi˧

Another tweak

My error:

tsæ˧α
\or zae - (not zhae, as I previously had)
\ps suff

Another sense

ŋwɤ˩ɬi˩mi˩
5th month

Another sense of this word is:
Fifth-Month Festival; a festival celebrated by the Na during the fifth month of the lunar calendar, at the same time as the Han Chinese Dragon Boat Festival.

There is an example of a text using the word in this sense in unit 18 of the primer. ;-)

A better English translation

ə˧bv̩˩
\de Oven to make bricks, ceramics…
\ge oven to make bricks

A better English gloss is kiln.

Suggest:
\de Kiln; oven to make bricks, ceramics etc.
\ge kiln

Word boundary change

tʰɑ˧-ni˥-ni˩-gv̩˩
similar
Change spelling to: tanini ggu

Capitalisation of a word

Re the item:
\lx tɕʰɯ˧˥
\hm 5

\xe ....... (because the Gods will do something to save us)

It's normal in English for plural "gods" not to be capitalised. Elsewhere in the dictionary it's spelled with a lower case "g".

[dictionnaire] afficher la source des exemples

Champ: \rf
Pour l'instant : ne s'affiche pas. Dans les exemples, le regard bute à chaque fois sur des bizarreries, qui sont en fait des différences entre idiolectes.
Le contenu du champ est un code locuteur, à afficher tel quel : M5, M23, etc.

[dictionnaire] classement par initiales

Chaque initiale doit avoir sa propre section : il faut par exemple séparer t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ (actuellement regroupés sous t).
Il faut également laisser de côté le signe † dans le tri, sinon ça crée de fausses initiales supplémentaires, comme dans l'index de la version 1.2, où ʈ est divisé en 3 entrées : ʈ, puis †, puis à nouveau ʈ:

English spelling "ritual"

Hi Alexis,

In this entry:
ɖæ˩-lɑ˧so#˥
the spelling of the English word "ritual" (not "rituel") needs to be fixed in \xe (two places).

[dictionnaire] affichage des commentaires

Parmi les infos du fichier na.lex qui pour l'heure ne sont pas affichées dans le fichier PDF :

• informations concernant les classificateurs les plus couramment associés à un nom : sa forme (en phonétique, éventuellement aussi en orthographe), et le type d'interprétation auquel ce classificateur est associé. Exemple :

\pdl classifier
\pdv kɤ˧˥
\pdc <langue="fra"> pour le grain
\pdc <langue="eng"> for paddy rice
\pdc <langue="cmn"> 用来指稻子
\pdl classifier
\pdv pʰæ˧˥
\pdc <langue="fra"> pour les champs
\pdc <langue="eng"> for paddy fields
\pdc <langue="cmn"> 用来指稻田

La syntaxe actuelle est :
["Classificateur courant : ",<forme_du_classificateur>]
ce qui donne par exemple, dans l'entrée "Mouton", /jo˩/ : Classificateur courant : pʰo˧˥
La mise en forme typographique, dans le cas où il y a deux classificateurs ou plus, pourrait être la suivante :
["Classificateurs courants : ",<cas1>," : ",<forme_du_classificateur_dans_le_cas_1>,<cas2>," : ",<forme_du_classificateur_dans_le_cas_2>] etc.

par exemple pour l'entrée "riz paddy" :

\pdl classifier
\pdv kɤ˧˥
\pdc <langue="fra"> pour le grain
\pdc <langue="eng"> for paddy rice
\pdc <langue="cmn"> 用来指稻子
\pdl classifier
\pdv pʰæ˧˥
\pdc <langue="fra"> pour les champs
\pdc <langue="eng"> for paddy fields
\pdc <langue="cmn"> 用来指稻田

Classificateurs courants : pour le grain : kɤ˧˥ ; pour les champs : pʰæ˧˥
En chinois : 【 量词】kɤ˧˥（用来指稻子），pʰæ˧˥（用来指稻田）

• pour les exemples: champ d'origine, \rf (locutrice/locuteur ayant fourni l'exemple). Pour l'instant (10/2023), le champ d'origine ne s'affiche pas. Dans les exemples, le regard bute à chaque fois sur des bizarreries, qui sont en fait des différences entre idiolectes. Le contenu du champ est un code locuteur, à afficher avec les codes choisis en 2024 avec @BenjaminGalliot (fournis dans le tableau en introduction du dictionnaire).

• également pour les exemples : champ de commentaire, \xc. Syntaxe : après la traduction de l'exemple, entre crochets carrés ? ou entre simples parenthèses ?

• également pour la catégorisation des exemples : certains, fruit d'une élicitation (morpho-)phonologique, portent la mention "phono" (\xc PHONO). Ils sont à composer dans le PDF avec la mention (en chinois)（音系资料） en début d'exemple. Exemple dans la version 1.2 du dictionnaire :
  
  D'autres portent la mention PROVERBE.
  D'autres sont en champ libre.