5l1v3r1 / rcf

Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection

Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection

Introduction

In this paper, we propose an accurate edge detector using richer convolutional features (RCF). Since objects in natural images possess various scales and aspect ratios, learning the rich hierarchical representations is very critical for edge detection. CNNs have been proved to be effective for this task. In addition, the convolutional features in CNNs gradually become coarser with the increase of the receptive fields. According to these observations, we attempt to adopt richer convolutional features in such a challenging vision task. The proposed network fully exploits multiscale and multilevel information of objects to perform the image-to-image prediction by combining all the meaningful convolutional features in a holistic manner. Using VGG16 network, we achieve state-of-the-art performance on several available datasets. When evaluating on the well-known BSDS500 benchmark, we achieve ODS F-measure of 0.811 while retaining a fast speed (8 FPS). Besides, our fast version of RCF achieves ODS F-measure of 0.806 with 30 FPS.

Citations

If you are using the code/model/data provided here in a publication, please consider citing:

@article{liu2019richer,
  title={Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection},
  author={Liu, Yun and Cheng, Ming-Ming and Hu, Xiaowei and Bian, Jia-Wang and Zhang, Le and Bai, Xiang and Tang, Jinhui},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  volume={41},
  number={8},
  pages={1939--1946},
  year={2019},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

PyTorch version of RCF

For the pytorch implementation of RCF, please refer to this github repository. Thanks for Yuanyi's contribution!

Evaluation results

Evaluation results for BSDS500 and NYUD datasets are available here.

We have released the code and data for plotting the edge PR curves of many existing edge detectors here.

Precomputed results

The precomputed edge maps for BSDS500 dataset are available here.

The precomputed segmentation results (UCM2, generated by RCF+COB) for BSDS500 and NYUD datasets are available here.

Pretrained models

RCF model for BSDS500 dataset is available here.

RCF model for NYUD dataset is available here (Depth and Image).

Testing RCF

1. Clone the RCF repository

   git clone https://github.com/yun-liu/rcf.git
   

2. Download pretrained models, and put them into $ROOT_DIR/examples/rcf/ folder.

3. Download the datasets you need as below, and extract these datasets to $ROOT_DIR/data/ folder.

   wget http://mftp.mmcheng.net/liuyun/rcf/data/bsds_pascal_train_pair.lst
   wget http://mftp.mmcheng.net/liuyun/rcf/data/HED-BSDS.tar.gz
   wget http://mftp.mmcheng.net/liuyun/rcf/data/PASCAL.tar.gz
   wget http://mftp.mmcheng.net/liuyun/rcf/data/NYUD.tar.gz
   

4. Build Caffe.

5. Go into the folder $ROOT_DIR/examples/rcf/. Then, you can run RCF-singlescale.ipynb to test single-scale RCF on BSDS500 dataset, or run RCF-multiscale.ipynb to test multiscale RCF on BSDS500 dataset, or run RCF-singlescale-NYUD.ipynb to test single-scale RCF on NYUD dataset.

Note: Before evaluating the predicted edges, you should do the standard non-maximum suppression (NMS) and edge thinning. We used Piotr's Structured Forest matlab toolbox available here.

Training RCF

1. Download the datasets you need.

2. Download the pretrained vgg16 model here.

3. Start training process by running following commands:

   cd $ROOT_DIR/examples/rcf/
   ./train.sh
   

ResNet version of RCF

The code for the ResNet version of RCF has been released. The pretrained ImageNet and BSDS500 models are available here. Some discussion can be found under the issue #89.

What is the "AutoCrop" layer?

The "AutoCrop" layer in RCF can caculate the crop offset automatically, and the recent version of Caffe doesn't support this. In fact, we can calculate the crop offset by ourselves, so we can replace the "AutoCrop" layer with the standard Crop layer in Caffe by setting the offsets to 1, 2, 4, and 0 for conv2, conv3, conv4, and conv5, respectively. More details can be found under the issue #24.

Acknowledgment

This code is based on HED. Thanks to the contributors of HED.

@inproceedings{xie2015holistically,
  title={Holistically-nested edge detection},
  author={Xie, Saining and Tu, Zhuowen},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision},
  pages={1395--1403},
  year={2015}
}