Implement checkpointing for data about prefect

[cicdw]

So I started working on output caching for tasks; however, I quickly ran into a question: where should the cached data be stored?

I began implementing it analogously to #78 by putting the outputs into a task's State which is then fed into the FlowRunner via task_states. However, after a successful first run the returned state is Success which effectively is an output cache except with no input-validation to ensure the cache is still valid.

We could continue down this route, and let the TaskRunner perform the necessary cache-validation checks when the task has a Success state, but this might alter the fundamental behavior of the TaskRunner when it is provided with a Success state (for example, if the TaskRunner receives a Success state whose cache is not valid anymore).

Two other options I immediately see:

• the Task itself maintains the cache
• prefect.Context somehow maintains a cache for all tasks via a dictionary _cached_tasks

The answer should probably depend on how we envision this output cache behaving in relation to our server and whether the cache should work across Flows or not.

cc: @jlowin

[cicdw]

Another option is to create a new State: CachedState which inherits from Success but is handled differently than a Success in that the TaskRunner will rerun this task if the cache is no longer valid. (I think I actually prefer this option the most)