`checked_rem` and `checked_mod` don't follow the same promotion rules as regular rem and mod about julia

[BioTurboNick]

The promotion rules for div/rem/mod are similar to powers, and the promotion rules for it also aren't in the docstring.

julia> 0x11 + 1, 0x11 * 1, 0x11 ^ 1, 0x11 ÷ 1,           0x11 % 1
        (18,     17,       0x11,     0x0000000000000011, 0x0000000000000000)

Though also inconsistent that div and rem move to UInt64 while ^ sticks to the bit width of the first argument.

[BioTurboNick]

wat

julia> 0xFF ÷ Int8(-1)
0x01

Since Julia doesn't widen results of operations beyond their input argument types, the consistent option would be for unsigned dividends with negative divisors to throw a DivideError, just like when typemin(Int) ÷ -1 does. Integer division in Julia is documented to be safe from overflow, so this should probably be fixed.

IMO then integer division result should just be the type of the dividend, rather than the current signedness of the dividend and largest width of either argument.

For rem, can use the same rule, with the exception that there's no need to throw an error on "overflow" (following the pattern of typemin(Int) % -1 not erroring, and all results are positive.

For mod, the promotion rule should possibly be the typical promotion widening, because a result has to fit within the range of the divisor's type to be fully represented, but probably don't want it to be any narrower than the dividend.

[BioTurboNick]

Out of curiosity I looked at what C# does. It's also messy, but does prevent overflow.

In C#, all integer division/remainder results are widened to contain all valid results of the input types (e.g. UInt32 ÷ Int8 = Int64), with a minimum of Int32. Only if both are unsigned and at least one argument is 32-bit or larger will it return an unsigned result. If it can't widen further, the operation is not valid.